How to use adverbs effectively - Emphasis

How to use adverbs effectively How to use adverbs effectively Adverbs convey information about how things happen, as well as when, where and to what extent. As the name suggests, they modify verbs but they can also modify adjectives, other adverbs and whole sentences, writes Cathy Relf. For example, in the sentence I need to see you urgently, the adverb urgently tells us about the verb need. But in Recently, weve been incurring a lot of delays, the adverb recently tells us about the whole sentence. However, informative and descriptive though adverbs certainly are, you should still use them with thought and moderation like all language. We tend to use a lot of fairly meaningless adverbs in conversation, to emphasise certain points, create rhythm and elicit empathy from the listener. But good, clear writing is more about communicating your meaning efficiently than banging your point home and that means only using adverbs that add genuine, useful information. Whenever possible, show, dont tell. Some adverbs are used so frequently in speech that they have become little more than verbal tics, and these are the ones you should be particularly suspicious of if they turn up in your writing. Below are five such words, each of which you should sternly interrogate before deciding whether to grant it a place in your final draft. Interestingly Interestingly, many writers like to introduce facts with the word interestingly. Interestingly, its often followed by something that isnt. If you have an interesting observation to share, let it speak for itself. And if you have a dull but necessary fact to convey, dont try to pep it up by calling it interesting. Youll lose your readers trust, as well as their attention. Heres what happened when we asked a group of editors on Twitter how they felt about sentences beginning with interestingly. Warning: its not pretty. Use it: in speeches, to create a moment of suspense before delivering a genuinely interesting point. Dont use it: to add interest where there is none. Significantly Much like interestingly, the thing about significantly is that most truly significant things can speak for themselves. Pinpoint the reason that you know your fact is significant do you have a statistic, for example? If so, can you use that instead, and let the reader be the judge of its significance? Instead of UK tourists pay significantly less for petrol, why not UK tourists pay 8.6 per cent less for petrol? Sometimes, however, youll have expertise that your reader isnt privy to, meaning you may be able to see significance where they cant. In this case, you can use the word to signal that a particular piece of information youre conveying is significant, and then follow up on how, or why, in the next sentence. Youre basically telling your reader hold on to this bit; youll understand why in a minute. Used like this, significantly can be a useful tool for creating reader engagement. Also, its worth noting that in statistics, significant has a specific meaning, with the significance level being the amount of evidence required to indicate that a result did not happen by chance. Too often, however, significant is simply used to create persuasive, attention-grabbing sentences that gloss over an absence of evidence. For example, see this headline from the Daily Mail: Less than 6 hours sleep significantly increases risk of a stroke even if you are fit and healthy. The article gives no information about the size of the increased risk it could be one per cent higher or 100 per cent higher. The reader is left none the wiser regarding the level of significance, and the same is probably true of the writer. Use it: to highlight facts that the reader may not immediately realise are significant. Dont use it: as a substitute for real information, or to make something seem more important than it is. Obviously Before you use obviously or clearly, ask yourself three things: firstly, if its obvious to everyone, do you need to make the point at all? Take, for example, the introductory sentence to this article in The Hindu: Quite obviously, the Reserve Bank of India, while reviewing the credit policy the mid-quarter review is scheduled for later on June 18 would take note of the recent developments affecting the economy. Once you unpick the sentence, it is obvious that a bank would consider economic developments when reviewing its credit policy. But did they need to say so? After all, if its obvious, is it news? Secondly, if its not obvious to your readers, how are they going to feel? Foolish, perhaps or, worse, patronised. And, thirdly, are you using obviously to discourage questioning? (After all, who would argue with something that has been declared universally obvious?) If so, take a moment to think about why youre using such a defensive tactic. It may be that there are holes in your own argument. Use it: as little as possible. Dont use it: if its likely that the information will not be obvious to some readers. Actually Actually is a useful discourse marker in speech. We use it for emphasis, surprise, contrast or correction (we thought it would be a good move, but it was actually a mistake, no, I live in Hove, actually, he was actually trying to take all the credit himself). However, in writing, actually should be used sparingly. If youre someone who writes like a demon in first drafts, itll often end up in there because your writing tumbles out structured like speech. Its actually a great way to get a first draft on to paper, but when you go back to edit it and actually look at the contribution each word is making, thats the time to question whether theyre actually adding any value or clarity. In the sentence above, wed delete the first two actuallys, but keep the third, which subtly intensifies the action of adding value. Use it: when it adds a useful hint of contrast or surprise to the sentence. Dont use it: just because you would when speaking. Literally This is, without doubt, the adverb with the most enemies. There are whole social media accounts devoted to pointing out inappropriate uses of literally. See @literallypolice on Twitter and The Literally Tsar on Facebook, if you dont believe us. The problem with literally is that it has developed a colloquial meaning that is the opposite of its literal, or dictionary, meaning. Often, when people say literally, they mean its opposite, figuratively. The footballer Jamie Redknapp has a particular fondness for the colloquial usage of the word, according to this Guardian article (he had to cut back inside on to his left, because he literally hasnt got a right foot). Despite all this fuss, only the most pedantic person would interrupt you in the middle of a story to question whether you were literally shaking like a leaf or literally chomping at the bit. But readers are pickier than listeners, and sentences such as these seem more incongruous in black and white. So, just to be completely literal about it, here are the definitions from Collins: Literal: in exact accordance with or limited to the primary or explicit meaning of a word or text. Figurative: of the nature of, resembling, or involving a figure of speech; not literal; metaphorical. In short, if it didnt really, literally happen, dont use literally. Use it: to describe things that really happened. Dont use it: for metaphors or exaggerated expressions. Want more advice on getting the most out of your business writing? Read about our in-company High-impact business writing course. Or, if you want to train only one or two people, check out our open course sessions. Then give us a call on +44 (0)1273 732 888, email us or tweet us at @EmphasisWriting.

Latin Words and Expressions in English

Latin Words and Expressions in English Why Learn About Latin Words and Expressions in English?: Some excellent reasons you might want to know more about Latin words and expressions in English are: Youre studying for a vocabulary/admissions test.Youre a non-native English speaker puzzled by the vocabulary.Youre developing a character for a novel.You need a new word for a specific technical purpose.You are a stickler for language purity and dont want to create a hybrid word inadvertently. [See this polyamory t-shirt for more information.] The Latin Connection With English: Its confusing to hear that English doesnt come from Latin because there are so many Latin words and expressions in English, but vocabulary is not enough to make one language the daughter language of another. Romance languages, including French, Italian, and Spanish, come from Latin, an important sub-branch of the Italic branch of the Indo-European tree. The Romance languages are sometimes called daughter languages of Latin. English is a Germanic language, not a Romance or Italic language. The Germanic languages are on a different branch from the Italic. Just because our English language doesnt come from Latin doesnt mean all our words have a Germanic origin. Clearly, some words and expressions are Latin, like ad hoc. Others, e.g., habitat, circulate so freely that were not aware theyre Latin. Some came into English when Francophone Normans invaded Britain in 1066. Others, borrowed from Latin, have been modified. Latin TranslationA Biography of LatinThe Spread of LatinIndo-European Languages Latin Words in English: There are many Latin words in English. Some are more obvious than others because they are italicized. Others are used with nothing to set them apart as imported from Latin. You may not even be aware theyre Latin, like veto or etc. Latin Words in EnglishMore Latin Words in EnglishLatin Adjectives in EnglishLatin and Greek Geometry TermsLatin Religious Words in English Latin Words Incorporated in English Words: In addition to what we call borrowing (although there is no plan to return the borrowed words), Latin is used to form English words. Often English words contain a Latin word as a prefix. These Latin words are most often Latin prepositions. Many Latin words come into English with the preposition already attached to the verb. Sometimes the ending is changed to suit the needs of English; for instance, the verb may be converted to a noun. English Words With Latin PrepositionsGreek and Latin Prefixes and Suffixes For English WordsLatin Color WordsBorrowed Words Latin Sayings in English: Some of these sayings are familiar in translation; others in their original Latin (or Greek). Most of them are profound and worth remembering (in either the classical or modern language). Latin Sayings in EnglishAncient Proverbs in Pictures More - Words and Ideas: Words and Ideas, edited by William J. Dominik, contains word-building techniques for those who want to learn how to combine bits of Latin or Greek to form proper words in English or for those interested in the meaning of those word components. Latin Grammar in English: Since English doesnt come from Latin it follows that the internal structure or grammar of English is different from Latin. But English grammar as it is taught in classes on grammar is based on Latin grammar. As a result, some official rules make limited or no sense. One that is familiar, in its violation, from the Star Trek series, is the rule against a split infinitive. The Star Trek sentence contains the split infinitive to boldly go. Such a construction simply cant happen in Latin, but is obviously easy to do in English, and it works. See William Harris on how we wound up with the Latin grammar albatross.

Analysis on wifredo lam's jungle Research Paper

Analysis on wifredo lam's jungle - Research Paper Example The artist’s attention in the traditional African religious beliefs in the Caribbean are suggested in the rightmost masterpiece, which seems like a woman-horse hybrid, a feature of spiritual entities. Really, this painting is not a pragmatic representation of people in a given natural environment, but Lam has showed a prehistoric vision of his area of concern. Even the title of the painting adds some sense to the visionary characteristics of the subject. Calling it the Jungle proposes prehistoric a search for a kind of primitive culture. Nevertheless, the plants that the artist has included in his paintings are tobacco and sugarcane, which are not wild, rather domesticated plants. The Jungle, of late on exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art based in the New York City, has an indisputable existence within the gallery; the limbs, the cluster of enigmatic faces, and the sugarcane group a canvas that is about 8 foot square. The bold painting is simply a perception game. Lam haphazar dly builds the figure from a gathering of unique forms that include crescent-shaped faces, willowy legs and arms, famous, rounded backsides, cloddish feet and hands. When brought together, these figures look like a funhouse mirror in reflection. The disparity among the many shapes brings out an uneasy equilibrium between the more open top and the denser top of the composition. Further, there are no sufficient legs and feet to give support to the higher half of the painting, which seems to topple over. One additional element of this artistic work is the way he places the parts within an untraditional landscape. The artist’s panorama leaves out the distinctive essentials of a horizon line, wide view, or sky; rather this is a tight, snapshot with no direction, but only with the faintest sense of the ground. Above all, Lam was colour scheme-wise as he used as he used orange, blue, and yellow to sharply contrast with the dramatic green and black shadows of the paintings. The disco nnected shapes; body parts, leaves, and bamboos give the painting a nice tone and a sense of movement, given that one cannot see the figure in its totality, and thus have a higher curiosity of knowing more about it. With all these in place, this paper will discuss that The Jungle is Lam’s famous work showing heavy influence by the renowned artists, such as Picasso, Martisse, and Les Demoiselles d’Avigon; the shape of characters on the Jungle is very similar to the Friendship by Pablo Picasso in the tone and colour using. The structure and the shape of character have similarity to Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. Background Wilfredo Lam’s complexity identity and education Wilfredo Lam did his schooling at San Alejandro in the years between 1918 and 1923, where he was good at painting landscapes and still lives. He showed some these of Painters and Sculptors of Havana. (APSH). He left for Spain in 1923 to study his artistic education further. He first of all resi ded in Madrid, where he registered in the Archaeological museums, the Prado, and the academic painter Fernando museum. He remained in Spain up to 1938, touring many places and living for Leon, Cuenca and Barcelona at some point as he painted some landscapes, interiors, portraits, and city scenes in styles that were based on surrealism, realism, and cubism. As he completed his prolonged stay in Spain, he identified himself with the Republicans in the Spanish

Semiotic Analysis is Lanvin Paris Research Paper

Semiotic Analysis is Lanvin Paris - Research Paper Example Semiosis has the ability to make models, which means that people have the capacity to produce and comprehend the specific types of images required for codifying perceptual inputs (Sebeok and Danesi 2000). Semiosis allows for representation and understanding this representation, which is a capacity of all human beings. The exploratory stage of knowing and understanding an object constitutes a sensory modeling phase required of codifying an image (ibid). Â  Lanvin Paris was founded in 1889 by Jeanne Lanvin and is considered the oldest French couture house. It has become a reference for fashion, accessories, and perfume for the Parisian industry. Lanvin Paris is apparently named after the person who conceived it and is now recognized worldwide for its elegance in style and refinement. Artists and young talents from several domains surround the fashion firm in which an outstanding cultural heritage is a result. This artistic tradition is perpetuated by Lanvin through its advertising campaigns.Lanvin is geographically situated in the place where it was first established, a street known for its standing in the luxury market, particularly at 15 & 27 Faubourg Saint-Honore, Paris. The Lanvin brand has become a reference for luxury in terms of perfumes and fashion even in the US, Europe, Asia, and other continents.Fashion advertising, like the kind of advertising pursued by Lanvin, is an excellent example of identity-image producing media. Fashion possesses a cultural language of style which it is acknowledged for, and identity is said to be tied to the nature of the product being worn since they are shown for public display (Rhodes and Zuloago 2003). The domain of high fashion advertising is said to describe a certain identity which is unified according to general types of what they signify - young women, high-class people, high status, etc. in which this identity is set by the constant repetition and variation of images (ibid). This set of imagery is created in a unified manner by highly paid artists, designers, photographers, models who promote image identities to the general public by advertising the products according to image-based identity. Products such as high fashion, in particular, are marketed to a select few of consumers due to their high cost, although the identity promoted by these products is meant for the general public by advertising them to glossy magazines. Lanvin Paris is an example of this produc t.It is clear that an advertising image is analyzed semiotically in order to disclose the underlying meaning embodied in a text or an image itself. Since semiotics constitutes the sign systems within texts and their role in creating meaning, the sign becomes an iconic sign as it resembles or implies what it signifies.

Most Lethal Sniper in American History Essay Example for Free

Most Lethal Sniper in American History Essay Chris Kyle was a natural born killer from the first time he was handed a gun. Born in Odessa, Texas, he began hunting with his own rifles and shotguns at age eight. After he finished school, he became a professional bronco rider, but his career ended quickly after he injured his arm. After his arm healed he turned to the military for a job, but was turned down because of the pins in his arm. After a few months he received a call and was invited to the training for the Navy SEALS. He ended up becoming a sniper in SEAL Team 3 and served four tours of duty in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Over the four tours of duty, Kyle racked up 255 claimed kills and 160 confirmed kills. His longest successful shot was 2,100 yards or 1.2 miles, just outside Sadr City in 2008. Chivalric Codes were a huge part of a knight’s life, was developed to keep knights in check during a time where laws were difficult to come by. They generally consisted of honoring the church, protecting and serving the people, the lord of the land and the country, being honorable as a person, perseverance, honoring your enemy, protecting women and children, and to protect your fellow knights. Chris Kyle upheld the Code of Chivalry in many ways but in others he did not. These breaks in the code were not always his fault though, because of the radical change in war from the middle ages to now, and the decisions of whether to protect his countrymen or the values of chivalry. Kyle’s first kill was an example of a decision between elements of the code. A woman with a grenade was approaching a group of Marines. Kyle was reluctant to shoot a woman, which is generally against the Rules Of Engagement, and most soldiers’ moral standards. He hesitated before shooting her and saving his troops lives. He said afterward that he was angry at the woman for putting him in that situation. It was the only time he ever killed anyone other than a male enemy. Another way that he strayed from the Code of Chivalry, was that he claims that all of his actions were done out of necessity, not for glory. He constantly repeats that no true hero ever does anything for glory. He says throughout his book that all of his kills were necessary to protect his fellow soldiers. The last way that Chris Kyle broke the code of chivalry was that most of his kills were unfair fights. His training and weapons gave him a huge advantage over his Iraqi adversaries, who were equipped with low-tech equipment and had no training. He often shot enemies from far away in concealed hiding spots, and sometimes in the back. This was a huge infraction in medieval times, but with the advances in warfare and technology, in order to stay alive on the battlefield today you must kill your enemy as soon as possible or he could kill you in an instant. Kyle was not totally against the code of chivalry though, he was a devout Christian, as you would expect as his father was a Sunday school teacher. He justifies his killings by citing that the Commandment is against murder, and killing innocent people not against killing people trying to kill you and your countrymen. Kyle also shows exceptional patriotism and service to his country and the President, our equivalent to a knight’s king. He was awarded two silver stars and five bronze stars with valor, but denies that he ever did anything special to deserve them. He says any soldier would have done the same thing to protect the freedom of America and its people. All in all, Chris Kyle will always be remembered as a hero in the War on Terror, and a modern day testament to the values of chivalry. Although he was not able to uphold all of the values, he did the best he could in the situations he was put in. It is impossible for him to uphold a code as old as that in the changing conditions of war. Many parts are just not feasible to the modern day soldier. With what Kyle was able to accomplish and be able to uphold the standards that he did, Chris Kyle was definitely as chivalrous as he could possibly be. Works Cited Kyle, Chris. American Sniper. N.p.: HarperCollins, n.d. Print. Seidl, Jonathon M. This Navy SEAL Sniper Is the ‘Deadliest in U.S. History’ — Can You Guess His Longest Shot? The Blaze. N.p., 2 Jan. 2012. Web. 04 Oct. 2012. http://www.theblaze.com/stories/. Smith, Terry. What Are the Rules of Engagement With Military Use of Force? EHow. N.p., 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 4 Oct. 2012. http://www.ehow.com/way_5659354_rules-engagement-military-use-force_.html.

Comparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay

Comparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all dealt with the issue of political freedom within a society. John Locke's â€Å"The Second Treatise of Government†, Mill's â€Å"On Liberty†, and Rousseau’s â€Å"Discourse On The Origins of Inequality† are influential and compelling literary works which while outlining the conceptual framework of each thinker’s ideal state present divergent visions of the very nature of man and his freedom. The three have somewhat different views regarding how much freedom man ought to have in political society because they have different views regarding man's basic potential for inherently good or evil behavior, as well as the ends or purpose of political societies. In order to examine how each thinker views man and the freedom he should have in a political society, it is necessary to define freedom or liberty from each philosopher’s perspective. John Locke states his belief that all men exist in "a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and person as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave or depending upon the will of any other man." (Ebenstein 373) Locke believes that man exists in a state of nature and thus exists in a state of uncontrollable liberty, which has only the law of nature, or reason, to restrict it. (Ebenstein 374) However, Locke does state that man does not have the license to destroy himself or any other creature in his possession unless a legitimate purpose requires it. Locke emphasizes the ability and opportunity to own and profit from property as necessary for being free. John Stuart Mill defines liberty in relation to three sph... ...Mill does not implicitly trust or distrust man and therefore does not explicitly limit freedom, in fact he does define freedom in very liberal terms, however he does leave the potential for unlimited intervention into the personal freedoms of the individual by the state. This nullifies any freedoms or rights individuals are said to have because they subject to the whims and fancy of the state. All three beliefs regarding the nature of man and the purpose of the state are bound to their respective views regarding freedom, because one position perpetuates and demands a conclusion regarding another. Bibliography: Works Cited Cress, Donald A. Jean-Jacques Rousseau â€Å"The Basic Political Writings†. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987. Ebenstein, William. Great Political Thinkers â€Å"From Plato to Present†. New York: Rinehart & Co, 1951.

Synthesis of Diphenylacetylene

Anthony Felix 10/27/11 Che12ALR Synthesis of Diphenylacetylene Observation of Results: 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane| 0. 204g| Diphenylacetylene| 0. 087g| Theoretical yield| 0. 107g| Percent yield| 81. 3%| Melting point range of diphenylacetylene| 57- 60Â °C| Average melting point| 58. 5Â °C| Average literature melting point| 60. 0Â °C| Percent error of melting point| 2. 5%| Calculations: Theoretical yield: Limiting reagent (LR) x M. W. (LR) x Mole to Mole ratio x M. W. (product) = Theoretical yield of product. 0. 204g 1, 2-dibromo-1, 2-diphenylethane x (1mol 1, 2-dibromo-1, 2-diphenylethane/340. 5g 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane) x (1mol Diphenylacetylene/1mol 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane) x (178. 24g Diphenylacetylene/1mol Diphenylacetylene) = 0. 107g Diphenylacetylene Percent yield: Actual yield/ Theoretical yield x 100% = Percent yield (0. 087g Diphenylacetylene/0. 107g Diphenylacetylene) x 100% = 81. 31% Average melting point: (start of melting degree + completion of melti ng degree)/2 = Average melting point Average melting point (59+ 61)/2 = 60Â °C Average literature melting point Percent error: Absolute value (Abs) (actual yield – theoretical yield)/ theoretical x 100% = percent error Abs. 58. 5 – 60)/ 60 x 100 = 2. 5% Scheme of the Reaction (Exp. 12a/12b): Analysis of Results: In this experiment, the compound diphenylacetylene was made by using potassium hydroxide to take the bromine off of the 1, 2-dibromo-1. 2-diphenylethane. Pyridinium bromide perbromide was used rather than Br2 due to it being a volatile and highly corrosive substance. Calculate the theoretical yield which was 0. 107g of diphenylacetylene. Calculate the percent yield of the reaction which was 81. 31%. Calculate the average melting point, so that percent error of the melting point can be produced. The experimental melting point range of diphenylacetylene is 57 – 60Â °C, and the literature value range of diphenylacetylene is 59 – 61Â °C. The averages of each of the melting points respectively are 58. 5Â °C and 60Â °C, so the percent error is 2. 5%. Some error that could have occurred was that some of the product was left in the round bottom and could not be taken out to be dried. The error in the melting point could have occurred from either 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane or potassium hydroxide being present in the final crystalline product when the melting point was being tested. Propose Mechanism of Reaction:

Edward Said Essay

Edwars Said was born a Palestinian Arab in Jerusalem in 1935, and was American through his father, Wadie Saà ¯d, who was a U.S. Citizen. Wadie Saà ¯d, his father moved to Cairo, before the birth of his son . He spent much of his childhood travelling back and forth from Cairo to Jerusalem, visiting relatives. Saà ¯d said that in his childhood he lived â€Å"between worlds† — like Cairo (Egypt) and in Jerusalem (Palestine). Here are some of his words from this period of life: â€Å"I was an uncomfortably anomalous student all through my early years: a Palestinian going to school in Egypt, with an English first name, an American passport, and no certain identity at all. To make matters worse, Arabic, my native language, and English, my school language, were inextricably mixed: I have never known which was my first language, and have felt fully at home in neither, although I dream in both. Every time I speak an English sentence, I find myself echoing it in Arabic, and vice versa† In 1951, Saà ¯d was expelled from Victoria College for being a troublemaker, and was sent from Egypt to the United States, where he had a miserable year of feeling out of place; yet he excelled academically, achieving the rank of either first or second in a class of one hundred sixty students. He matured into an intellectual young man, fluent in the English, French, and Arabic languages. (he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Princeton University (1957), then a Master of Arts degree (1960) and a Doctoral Degree in English Literature (1964) from Harvard University.) Reflections on Exile and Other Essays brings together forty-six essays. The title essay, originally published in 1984 deals with Said’s own condition of exile, and with the implications of exile for those who experience it. While Said sees separation from a homeland as a difficult fate, he believes that the state of detachment gives exiles a unique vision. Being in exile means feeling in estrangement and even if there are romantic and happy episodes in an exile’s life, these are no more than efforts meant to overcome the crippling sorrow of being in pain. Said come to nationalism and its essential association with exile. Nationalism is belonging to a place, people and certain heritage. Nationalism fends off exile and fights to prevent its ravages. The interplay between them is like servant and master, opposites informing and constituting each other. All nationalism in their early stages develop from a condition of estrangement. In time, successful nationalism consign (ad) truth exclusively to themselves and relegate (elÃ… ±ldà ¶z) all outsiders. While nationalism is about groups, exile is solitude experienced outside the group: the deprivations felt at not being with others in the communal habitation. Exiles are cut off from their roots, their land, their past. Exiles don’t have armies or states, therefore they always feel the urge to create one. Exile is a jealous state. You don’t want to share what you have archieved, you have passionate hostility to outsiders, even to those who, in fact, are in the same position as you. Although it is true that anyone prevented from returning home is an exile, some distinctions can be made between exiles, refugees, expatriates and emigres. Exile originated in the age-old practice of banishment. Once banished, the exile lives a miserable life with the stigma of being an outsider. Refugees, on the other hand, are a creation of the 20th century state. The word â€Å"refugee† has become a political one, suggesting innocent and bewildered people requiring urgent international assistance. Expatriates voluntarily live in an alien country, usually for personal or social reasons. They may share in the solitude and estrangement of exile, but they do not suffer under its rigid proscription. Emigres enjoy an ambiguous status. Technically, emigre is anyone who emigrates to a new country. Much of the exile’s life is taken up with compensating for disorienting loss by creating a new world to rule. It is not surprising that so many exiles seem to be novelists, chess players, political activists, and intellectuals. Each of these occupations requires a minimal investment in objects and places a great premium on mobility and skill. The exile’s new world is unnatural and resembles fiction. George Lukacs, in Theory of the Novel, says that novel is a literary form created out of the unreality of ambition and fantasy, it is the form of â€Å"transcendental homelessness†. No matter how well they feel, exiles are always eccentric who feel their difference as a kind of orphanhood. The exile jealously insists on his or her right to refuse to belong. Wilfulness, exaggeration and overstatement are the characteristics styles of being an exile. You compel the world to accept your vision which you make more unacceptable because you are, in fact, unwilling to have it accepted. Artists in exile are decidedly unpleasant and their stubbornness insinuates itself into even their exalted works. Dante’s vision in The Divine Commedy is tremendously powerful in its universality and detail, but even the beatific peace archieved in the Paradiso bears traces of vindictiveness.(bosszuallas) James Joyce chose to be in exile to give force to his artistic vocation. He picked up a quarrel with Ireland and kept it alive so as to sustain the strict opposition to what was familiar. The exile knows that in a secular and contingent world, homes are always provisional (à ¡tmeneti). Borders and barriers, which enclose us within the safety of familiar territory, can also become prisons and are often defended beyond reason and necessity. Exiles cross borders, break barriers of thought and experience. According to Hugo of St. Victor, a 12th century-monk,a strong and perfect man archieves independence and detachment by working through attachments, not by rejecting them. Speaking of the pleasures of exile, there are some positive things to be said too. Seeing â€Å"the entire world as a foreign land† makes possible originality of vision. Most people are aware of one culture, one setting, one home, exiles are aware of at least 2. Both environments are vivid, actual and occuring together contrapuntally. There is a unique pleasure in this sort of apprehension, especially if the exile diminish judgement and elevate appreciative sympathy. Edward Saà ¯d was an advocate for the political and human rights of the Palestinian people. As a public intellectual, he discussed contemporary politics, music, culture, and literature, in lectures, newspaper and magazine articles, and books. Drawing from his family experiences, as Palestinian Christians in the Middle East, at the time of the establishment of Israel (1948), Saà ¯d argued for the establishment of a Palestinian state, for equal political and human rights for the Palestinians in Israel. His decade-long membership in the Palestinian National Council, and his pro–Palestinian political activism, made him a controversial public intellectual. He was intellectually active until the last months of his life, and died of leukemia in 2003.

Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate

Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate In the 1770s, Uthman dan Fodio, still in his early 20s, began preaching in his home state of Gobir in Western African. He was one of the many Fulani Islamic scholars pushing for the revitalization of Islam in the region and the rejection of allegedly pagan practices by Muslims. Within a few decades, dan Fodio would rise to become one of the most recognized names in nineteenth-century West Africa. Hijra and Jihad As a young man, dan Fodios reputation as a scholar grew quickly. His message of reform and his criticisms of the government found fertile ground in a period of growing dissent. Gobir was one of several Hausa states in what is now northern Nigeria. There was widespread dissatisfaction in these states, especially among the Fulani pastoralists from whom dan Fodio came. dan Fodios growing popularity soon led to persecution from the Gobir government, and he withdrew, performing the hijra- a migration from  Mecca to Yathrib- as the Prophet Muhammad had also done. After his hijra, dan Fodio launched a powerful jihad in 1804, and by 1809, he had established the Sokoto caliphate that would rule over much of northern Nigeria until it was conquered by the British in 1903. Sokoto Caliphate The Sokoto Caliphate was the largest state in West Africa in the nineteenth century, but it was really fifteen smaller states or emirates united under the authority of the Sultan of Sokoto. By 1809, leadership was already in the hands of one of dan Fodios sons, Muhammad Bello, who is credited with solidifying control and establishing much of the administrative structure of this large and powerful state. Under Bellos governance, the Caliphate followed a policy of religious tolerance, enabling non-Muslims to pay a tax rather than try to enforce conversions. The policy of relative tolerance as well as attempts to ensure impartial justice helped earn the state the support of the Hausa people within the region. The support of the populace was also achieved in part through the stability the state brought and the resulting expansion of trade. Policies toward Women Uthman dan Fodio followed a relatively conservative branch of Islam, but his adherence to Islamic law ensured that within the Sokoto Caliphate women enjoyed many legal rights. dan Fodio strongly believed that women too needed to be educated in the ways of Islam. This meant he wanted women in the mosques learning. For some women, this was an advance, but certainly not for all, as he also held that women should always obey their husbands, provided that the husbands will did not run counter to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad or Islamic laws. Uthman dan Fodio also, however, advocated against female genital cutting, which had been gaining a hold in the region at the time, ensuring that he is remembered as an advocate for women.

What You Need to Know About the Epic Poem Beowulf

What You Need to Know About the Epic Poem 'Beowulf' Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic poem in the English language and the earliest piece of vernacular European literature. Perhaps the most common question readers have is what language Beowulf was written in originally. The first manuscript was written in the language of the Saxons, Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon. Since then, the epic poem has been estimated to have been translated into 65 languages. However, many translators have struggled to maintain the flow and alliteration present within the complex text. Origins of Beowulf Little is known about this famous epic poems origins, unfortunately. Many believe that Beowulf may have been composed as an elegy for a king who died in the seventh century, but little evidence indicates who that king may have been. The burial rites described in the epic show a great similarity to the evidence found at Sutton Hoo, but too much remains unknown to form a direct correlation between the poem and the burial site. The poem may have been composed as early as around 700 C.E.  and evolved through many retellings before it was finally written down. Regardless, whoever  the original author may have been is lost to history. Beowulf  contains many  pagan  and folkloric elements, but there are undeniable Christian themes as well. This dichotomy has led some to interpret the epic as the work of more than one author. Others have seen it as symbolic of the transition from paganism to Christianity in  early medieval Britain. The extreme delicacy of the manuscript, the perceived two separate hands that inscribed the text, and the complete lack of clues to the identity of the author make a realistic determination difficult at best. Originally untitled, in the 19th century the poem was eventually  referred to by the name of its Scandinavian hero, whose adventures are its primary focus. While some historical elements run through the poem, the hero and the story are both fictional. History of theManuscript The sole manuscript of Beowulf  dates to around the year 1000. Handwriting style reveals that it was inscribed by two different people. Whether either scribe embellished or altered the original story is unknown. The earliest known owner of the manuscript was 16th-century scholar Lawrence Nowell. In the 17th century, it became part of Robert Bruce Cottons collection and is therefore known as Cotton Vitellius A.XV.  The manuscript is now in the British Library, although in 1731 the manuscript suffered irreparable damage in a fire. The first transcription of the poem was made by Icelandic scholar Grà ­mur Jà ³nsson Thorkelin in 1818. Since the manuscript has decayed further, Thorkelins version is highly prized, yet its accuracy has been questioned. In 1845, the pages of the manuscript were mounted in paper frames to save them from further damage. This protected the pages, but it also covered some of the letters around the edges. In 1993, the British Library initiated the Electronic Beowulf Project. Through the use of special infrared and ultraviolet lighting techniques, the covered letters were revealed as electronic images of the manuscript were made. TheStory Beowulf is a fictional prince of the Geats of southern Sweden who comes to Denmark to help King Hrothgar rid his fabulous hall, Heorot, of a terrible monster known as Grendel. The hero mortally wounds the creature, who flees the hall to die in its lair. The next night, Grendels mother comes to Heorot to avenge her offspring and kills one of Hrothgars men. Beowulf tracks her down and kills her, then returns to Heorot, where he receives great honors and gifts before returning home. After ruling the Geats for half a century in peace, Beowulf must face a dragon who threatens his land. Unlike his earlier battles, this confrontation is terrible and deadly. He is deserted by all his retainers except his kinsman Wiglaf, and though he defeats the dragon he is mortally wounded. His funeral and a lament end the poem. The Impact of Beowulf Much has been written about this epic poem, and it will surely continue to inspire scholarly investigation and debate, both literary and historical. For decades students have undertaken the difficult task of learning Old English in order to read it in its original language. The poem has also inspired fresh creative works, from Tolkiens Lord of the Rings to Michael Crichtons Eaters of the Dead, and it will probably continue to do so for centuries to come. Translations of Beowulf Originally written in Old English, the first translation of the poem was into Latin by Thorkelin, in connection with his transcription of 1818. Two years later Nicolai Grundtvig made the first translation into a modern language, Danish. The first translation into modern English was made by J. M. Kemble in 1837. In total, it is estimated that the epic poem has been translated into 65 languages.   Since then there have been many modern English translations. The version done by Francis B. Gummere in 1919 is out of copyright and freely available at several websites. Many more recent translations, in both prose and verse form, are available today.

Functions of Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Functions of Management Paper - Essay Example The different groups of beverages include water, alcoholic beverages, non-alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, hot beverages and other forms. The main focus of the study is the processing of the drinks for consumption. For that matter, the organizations and companies that are involved in production and packaging of such beverages and drinks are included in the analysis of the management functions. For the products that are naturally consumed, packaging is the most important method that is needed to be considered. On the other hand, for the products that had been developed as beverage, the production can be considered as the most important method in the operation (Thompson and Sheldon, 2003). In the beverage industry, the application of the functions of management can be considered as a fundamental issue. The process of management can be considered a chronological process which starts in planning and concluded through the maintenance of the different methods and procedures in operation. Planning is the initial function in management which involves the determination of the different factors that can affect the profitability and the sales of the company. In the case of beverage companies, there are different factors that are needed to be considered. One is the determination of the trends in the market and the demands for the different products (Thompson and Sheldon, 2003). The present trend that can be observed is the increase in the demand for the beverages that are considered to border on the health consciousness of the public. This can be a related to the increasing consideration of the population on the maintenance of their health and body condition due to the deteriorating quality of life that can be considered to make such goals a challenge. In addition, there is an observable decrease in the consumption of alcoholic beverages basically also related to the consciousness of the people over their own welfare

ICT's in a global context Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ICT's in a global context - Article Example The Internet has also led to an increase in globalisation. Businesses are now able to expand and provide their services and goods in other countries; international financial institutions have been created, and the advanced modes of transportation have all contributed to the spread of globalisation (Global Policy Forum 2008). ICT has been instrumental in business, education, health and politics, but this too comes at a price. The Internet has made communication easier through sharing information. "As of 2006, according to Internet World Stats, around 70% of the population in the United States is on the Internet. Throughout the world, there are almost 1.1. billion users of the Internet as of 2006 and half of them reside in Europe and Asia" (Get ISP.info 2008).This number seems rather small when considering that it only represents about 1/6 of the population. Given this, worldwide use of the Internet is expected to increase. ICT has provided a means for people around the world to communicate with each other, but what price do we pay for such a convenience' If only 1/6 of the world population is on the Internet, this suggests that either the rest of the population does not own a computer, or they are just not interested in the Internet. Either way, several people will be left behind because they do not have knowledge of the Internet or how it works. ICT has had a significant influence on the economy. The production of goods in the global market has increased dramatically, and more avenues have opened for trade amongst different countries. This, in turn, creates more jobs for people and higher revenues for businesses. These businesses also benefit from ICT because of the creation of E-business. "E-business allows for information to be acquired and goods and services purchased via the Internet with increasing trust, speed and volume" (Enterprise and Industry, 2008, p. 1). This proves to be a problem for those who do not have the necessary capital to compete in such a market. What about small business owners who do not have the advantage of providing their services to global markets' In this case, they may be forced out of business because the larger companies are far more advanced technologically (Enterprise and Industry 2008). ICT has also had a significant impact on how companies are able to market their services and goods. Websites have provided an easier way for consumers to shop and pay for their products online. (ERDF 2008). The formation of networks within businesses also provided a way to share secure information via a server. Networks allow for pertinent information to be stored in a central location so that all employees have access to it. This also allows for businesses to maintain their competitive edge given that they have the most up-to-date technology and software. Staff also needs to be trained on how to operate new equipment in order to help develop the company, and provide quality services to its customers. Along with the impact that it has had on businesses, ICT has also contributed to globalisation. Emails, airplanes, boats, phone services, and computers have all made it easier for world countries to communicate and depend on one another. There are now more international laws and social movements that were formed based on