Patient Profile Joanne And Steve Wanted A C Section

Patient profile: Joanne and Steve wanted a C-section as they had difficultly delivery with their first child; however Joanne went into labour early. The baby was delivered 3 days before the C-section was scheduled. With her first child she was given an epidural that did not work, this is why she had requested the C-section for the birth of this child. Their first child died at 21 days old, he was an IVF baby and it had taken them 5-6 years to get him. After a couple of years they started trying for another baby, they had been saving up for more IVF but they managed to conceive naturally. They had more scans during this pregnancy to ensure the health of the baby was okay. Barriers to communication: She was given air by the midwives to help her with the pain as she had been experiencing contractions since 8:00 AM. She needed to see the doctor about the C-section and stated that if she could have an epidural she would try and deliver the child naturally, if it didn t work (like with her first child) she would want the C-section. She is rushed to the delivery unit for an epidural. When she is examined before the epidural a problem is found. The time it would take for her to sit up and for the epidural to be administered would be too late as she would then have to push. When she was told this she started to become scared as she had a difficult first birth as the epidural did not work and now she could not have one. She was then offered alternative pain relief. She went intoShow MoreRelatedAccounting Information System Chapter 1137115 Words   |  549 Pagesin ordering, receiving, and temporarily storing merchandise that is going to be sold to SS customers. b. SS does not manufacture any goods, thus its operations activities consists of displaying merchandise for sale and protecting it from theft. c. 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Essay on A Review of Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo

A Review of Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo Peter Brown’s Augustine of Hippo is a dense, scholarly work outlining the entire life of the Catholic bishop. The University of California Press in Berkeley, California published the work in 1967. My version was the 1973 second paperback printing, found in the University library. Its smallish, scholarly, serifed, typewritten font allows for a instant respect for the subject matter: the words are at first imposing, but then revealing as their serious tone complements the complexity of the text. The pages are studded with footnotes, filling out this work with evidence of Brown’s exhaustive research. There is a three-page preface before the work, and, after the work, a†¦show more content†¦This want of something more concrete but metaphysical leads straight into the fifth chapter, â€Å"Manichaeism.† This details the future bishop’s obsession with the mysteries and dualism of the Manichean teaching, as well as Augustine’s work at spread ing the Manichee philosophy, as well as his love for what it made him, rather that what it actually taught. â€Å"Friends,† the sixth chapter, details his life with his unnamed concubine among his celibate Manichee comrades. Next, the seventh chapter, titled â€Å"Success,† outlines Augustine’s first taste of fame as a writer and as a public speaker. Thus, Brown ends part I. Brown begins part II, after the chronology, with a chapter on Ambrose, the bishop of Milan that helped Augustine to convert with his interpretation of the pagan philosophers and the similarities in the Hebrew prophets that the future bishop had misread, and their influence on the great Greek minds. Chapter nine, titled â€Å"The Platonists,† describes Augustine’s influence by the Plato revivalists Plotinus and Porphyry, who brought back the old master’s works into the mainstream mindset, and how Augustine reconciled Christianity with this existential thought, leading directly to the next chapter, â€Å"Philosophy.† It describes the problems that arose in and around Augustine with such reconciliation; the Platonist teaching

Risk Management in the Construction Industry

Question: Discuss about theRisk Management in the Construction Industry. Answer: Introduction In the construction projects, two major phases are vital, the pre-construction and the construction phase. The preconstruction phase is simply the preparation of the project, (Sears, S., et al., 2015). In the phase, there is the aspect of planning and initial formulation of the project whereas the construction phase is simply the implementation of the planned and designed arrangements. We should note that the risk management processes are conducted throughout the construction project; from its planning stage to its completion, inspection, and usage by the public. Therefore, my paper is describing the truth to the said facts about risks, in my case, it concentrates its scope to the risks incurred within the construction field, both in preconstruction and construction stages. Additionally, the paper gives an insight to the participants of the contract who have the responsibilities upon the risks. Similarly, the paper is also concerned with discussing the dispute resolution methods that can be used to dissolve differences within the project after mainly talking about the areas of which disputes can arise within the projects, (Sears, S., et al.,2015). Therefore, at the end of the discussion, the reader is expected to have understood as to why it is critical to have the risk management departments within the construction field. Available Risks within the Construction Industry In as much as the risks are always peculiar to each project and the project participants, it is confirmed that almost all the construction projects share common risks that result from the whole field. As such, below is a classification of some of the risks that can arise from both the preconstruction and the construction phase within a project. During the Construction Sector. Changes in the Work. Drastic change in the work can be at times very detrimental and can lead to loss of resources. Such can be caused by poor planning and designs, the level of complexity of the design presented, late drawings and instructions, even unavailability of the preferred materials and insufficient capital to purchase the preferred materials. As such the design team will have to give an alternative preference and ensure that the new designs meet the needed requirements, (Walker, A., 2015). However, if the sudden change in the work is not properly looked into, the design team might be at a risk of having a wrong implementation of their client's idea hence causing lack of quality in the planned project. Such lack of quality might bring other risks that result from a substandard work. Accidents such as Fires. Accidents are very much inevitable as such can happen without our knowledge since some are caused by the adverse weather conditions of which we have no control over. As such, we should be very prepared for such especially within a construction project. It is the work of the contractors to ensure that the site is a secure place to work, (Rowlinson, S., et al., 2014, p 187-198). Accidents such as the fire that can be caused by the lightening can be controlled by putting up proper fire prevention mechanisms such as installing fire extinguishers and fire sensors. If fires are not adequately handled, then there is a high possibility of damage to property and people. Financial and Economic Risk Adequate Resources and Equipment Commissioning Lack of sufficient resources and equipment to facilitate the work can be very detrimental hence lead to the collapse of a project. As such, the investment managers should ensure that there are adequate resources that promote the work in question. The contractors, on the other hand, should ensure that the budget of the resources needed and the program to be undertaken is correctly billed and is submitted to the financiers in time so as there is the continuous flow of cash within the project, (Walker, A., 2015). Therefore ensuring that the project does not come to a stop due to unavailability of resources in the form of material and equipment. Lack of adequate resources can lead to the construction of substandard work which promotes losses. Inflation With inflation, it means that commodities are becoming more expensive than they should. As such, the construction materials are very hard to purchase as such the design team, and the investment managers of the project are a force to spend more on the quality of the project. On the same time, they are compelled to acquire fewer quality materials to construct, (Walker, A., 2015). As such, the investment team should ensure proper communication with the designs team so as to help in making decisions about the types and quality of materials required for the project simply because the use of lesser quality materials can lead to an inferior product of the project. Performance Risk Productivity of Labor Labour is a vital part of the realization of any construction project as such; the contractor should ensure that the workforce is very able to carry out their mandated role. A small productive workforce will automatically lead to the project missing the set objectives and deadlines. Moreover, a lesser productive labor force can result in a lower quality work, (Simons, R., 2013). Therefore the contractors are advised to acquire very well skilled labor force that can provide both quality and meet the deadlines. Simply because, skilled labor is very useful in reducing expenses that can be incurred from injuries that occur in the line of duty, (Glendon, A., et al., 2016). Moreover, skilled labor promotes standard work hence saving some resources to be incurred in reworks. Other than labor alone, the investment managers of the project should consider the performance of equipment, of the materials, to be used in the project and also should promote cultures that help in the fulfillment of the work, for instance, proper remunerations so as to reduce the incidences of strikes. Security Risk The actual security of the construction site matters. The contractor in collaboration with the investment manager of the project should ensure that the construction sites are very secure and very free from any aspects of Vandalism, Terrorism, corruption, assaults, negligence and Intrusion which might lead to the collapse of the project. Such acts can be practiced from either within or from external participants of the projects, (Haimes, Y., 2015). Therefore, the contractor should ensure that the personnel are trustworthy and can be trusted with the resources provided by the project. Moreover, the contractors can help by installing security cameras that might help minimize looting from the labor force. Climatic and Environmental Risk Can be attributed to all the physical and environmental impacts of the project. For instance the topography of the area of which the project is to be conducted and the climatic conditions of the same, (Rowlinson, S., et al., 2014, p 187-198). Very wet sunny areas can adversely be affected when the rains start pouring heavily. The contractors and the subcontractors are mainly affected since he rains can affect their set programs. Moreover, the topography of an area has an immersed impact on the project as well since some areas are prone to landslides which are very detrimental to projects. Same happens when the project is situated in calamity prone areas for instance areas that are prone to floods or even tornadoes. Political and Societal Risk Land Availability for Construction In some areas, the policies that are set pertaining acquisition of lands are very demanding to any project. For instance, in some areas, where private ownership of land is illegal, a project done in such areas can be at risk of termination at any given time. Therefore, it is the work of the quantity surveyor to ensure there is proper documentation of the project's credibility to go on. For such a reason, the surveyor in charge of the project should properly advice the investment managers on such risks so as to avoid future trouble with the local authorities. Political Instability In areas which are prone to wars and regular strikes, the security of projects is not a concern to anyone. As such, it is the function of the quantity survey team to advice the project's investors to consider such a trait about the place. In the areas, the project is at the risk of damage or even destruction beyond repair, (Cruz, C., and Marques, R., 2013, p 473-483). Therefore, the reason as to why such war tone areas are not developing How to Solve Conflict within a Construction Project Conflicts are prone to arise within the building project due to factors such as; poor communication between the different sectors within the project management, lack of clarity of the contract, developed conflicts of interest by individuals, limited resources resulting to abnormal working conditions, or power struggles within the different departments. Meanwhile, it is the work of the project manager to ensure that mediation solves such conflicts. A third-party mediator will be hired to resolve the disputes between the two conflicting parties. This strategy is the cheapest and least time-consuming. Another way to solve conflicts is by Mini-Trial. Is held in an informal setting with an advisor or attorney that is paid. However, the agreement reached is nonbinding hence can be broken. A mini-trial is more expensive in terms of time and money than mediation. Lastly, Arbitration can be used to solve disputes. Arbitration is the most costly and time-consuming way to resolve a conflict. In volved parties are represented by their attorneys while witnesses and evidence are presented. Then, the arbitrator makes a ruling, and his final decision is a binding agreement that cannot be broken, (Fisher, R., 2016, p 37-71). Use of Mediation to Solve Construction Problems Mediation is amongst the most common ways to solve disputes that can arise from the construction industry. A third party mediator will be hired to resolve the disputes between the two conflicting parties. In our case, it maybe the workers who work in the construction site against the senior project managers. The strategy is the cheapest and less time-consuming as compared to the other conflict resolution strategies. In instances that there is conflict arising from either misunderstanding of the contract terms or any other problem, a third party who is neutral is useful in foreseeing the terms being agreed upon by both sides. As such the problem is solved by mediation therefore enabling swift running of the construction work. Conflict within a construction project can be avoided in many ways mostly as initiated by the managers of the project. For instance, the managers can ensure that the participants within the project understand their roles. Such can be promoted by simply organizing workshops and regular meetings where each department is educated on the role, it is supposed to play within the project. The managers can as well treat fairly their workforce by providing them with favourable working conditions, (Fisher, R., 2016, p 37-71). The managers also can facilitate the signing of contracts to their workers so as to ensure that their workforce is satisfied with what the project will offer them in the form of salaries. Moreover, they should ensure that they follow the signed agreements in the form of contracts. Conclusion The risk assessment is a crucial aspect when discussing of the success of any project as such; it should be properly conducted. Proper risk assessments are very useful to ensuring that the proper risk management systems are adequately implemented. The whole idea of risk assessment in the construction project is very useful and should be adopted in the upcoming projects; it ensures that the projects turn out to be successful in the long run, (Zhao, X., et al., 2014, p 27). To conclude, for adequate implementation of any construction project one has to consider all the risks that will be incurred in both the preconstruction and the construction phase. It is important so as to ensure the end product of the project meets the expectations of the end users References Cruz, C.O., and Marques, R.C., 2013. Flexible contracts to cope with uncertainty in publicprivate partnerships. International Journal of Project Management, 31(3), pp.473-483. Fewings, P., 2013. Construction project management: an integrated approach. Routledge. Finnerty, J.D., 2013. Project financing: Asset-based financial engineering. John Wiley Sons. Fisher, R.J., 2016. Third party consultation: A method for the study and resolution of conflict. In Ronald J. Fisher: A North American Pioneer in Interactive Conflict Resolution (pp. 37-71). Springer International Publishing. Glendon, A.I., Clarke, S. and McKenna, E., 2016. Human safety and risk management. CRC Press. Haimes, Y.Y., 2015. Risk modeling, assessment, and management. John Wiley Sons. Kelly, J., Male, S. and Graham, D., 2014. Value management of construction projects. John Wiley Sons. Kerzner, H., 2013. Project management: a systems approach to planning, scheduling, and controlling. John Wiley Sons. McNeil, A.J., Frey, R. and Embrechts, P., 2015. Quantitative risk management: Concepts, techniques, and tools. Princeton University Press. Rowlinson, S., YunyanJia, A., Li, B. and ChuanjingJu, C., 2014. Management of climatic heat stress risk in construction: a review of practices, methodologies, and future research. Accident Analysis Prevention, 66, pp.187-198. Sears, S.K., Sears, G.A., Clough, R.H., Rounds, J.L. and Segner, R.O., 2015. Construction project management. John Wiley Sons. Simons, R., 2013. Performance Measurement and Control Systems for Implementing Strategy Text and Cases: Pearson New International Edition. Pearson Higher Ed. Taylan, O., Bafail, A.O., Abdulaal, R.M. and Kabli, M.R., 2014. Construction projects selection and risk assessment by fuzzy AHP and fuzzy TOPSIS methodologies. Applied Soft Computing, 17, pp.105-116. Walker, A., 2015. Project management in construction. John Wiley Sons. Wang, N., Jiang, D. and Pretorius, L., 2016. Conflict-resolving behavior of project managers in international projects: A culture-based comparative study. Technology in Society, 47, pp.140-147. Zhao, X., Hwang, B.G. and Phng, W., 2014. Construction project risk management in Singapore: resources, effectiveness, impact, and understanding. KSCE Journal of Civil Engineering, 18(1), p.27.

NASA and Project Juno Essay Example

NASA and Project Juno Essay Introduction Jupiter is the fifth planet from the sun and is the largest planet in all of our solar system. Jupiter is more than twice as massive as all of the other planets combined and is made from about 90% hydrogen and 10% helium. Despite having sent different spaceships and orbiters to observe Jupiter there is a lot more to learn about the planet. That is why from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station on August 5, 2011, NASA New Frontiers mission launched a spacecraft named â€Å"Juno† to study and find out more about Jupiter. More specifically, Juno will map Jupiter’s gravity field, magnetic field and its atmospheric structure from a polar orbit. The whole purpose of this mission is to have a better understanding of the formation of our solar system and planetary systems discovered around the stars. We will write a custom essay sample on NASA and Project Juno specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on NASA and Project Juno specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on NASA and Project Juno specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Why Jupiter? The primary scientific goal of the NASA space mission Juno is to drastically improve our understanding of the planet Jupiter. Jupiter, which is considered, as the â€Å"Gas Giant Planet† and scientists believe that Jupiter can show the secrets to the fundamental processes of the formation of our solar system. Scientists at NASA have developed different theories as to how Jupiter was formed. Some believed that it began as a solid chunk of heavy material, like rock or ice. As gravity gathered debris, its gravitational pull increased and eventually it became big enough to attract light gases. Another theory is that Jupiter was formed when a small region of the gas disk around the sun collapsed on its own. Whatever the case is, they are all theories. They are all ideas of how Jupiter was formed, and no one really knows how Jupiter was made for sure. Which is why the Juno mission was launched. If we can find out what makes Jupiter’s core and exactly how much water the planet contains we can narrow down the number of theories that were developed by the scientists. Jupiter has long intrigued scientists since Galileo’s time.

How to use adverbs effectively - Emphasis

How to use adverbs effectively How to use adverbs effectively Adverbs convey information about how things happen, as well as when, where and to what extent. As the name suggests, they modify verbs but they can also modify adjectives, other adverbs and whole sentences, writes Cathy Relf. For example, in the sentence I need to see you urgently, the adverb urgently tells us about the verb need. But in Recently, weve been incurring a lot of delays, the adverb recently tells us about the whole sentence. However, informative and descriptive though adverbs certainly are, you should still use them with thought and moderation like all language. We tend to use a lot of fairly meaningless adverbs in conversation, to emphasise certain points, create rhythm and elicit empathy from the listener. But good, clear writing is more about communicating your meaning efficiently than banging your point home and that means only using adverbs that add genuine, useful information. Whenever possible, show, dont tell. Some adverbs are used so frequently in speech that they have become little more than verbal tics, and these are the ones you should be particularly suspicious of if they turn up in your writing. Below are five such words, each of which you should sternly interrogate before deciding whether to grant it a place in your final draft. Interestingly Interestingly, many writers like to introduce facts with the word interestingly. Interestingly, its often followed by something that isnt. If you have an interesting observation to share, let it speak for itself. And if you have a dull but necessary fact to convey, dont try to pep it up by calling it interesting. Youll lose your readers trust, as well as their attention. Heres what happened when we asked a group of editors on Twitter how they felt about sentences beginning with interestingly. Warning: its not pretty. Use it: in speeches, to create a moment of suspense before delivering a genuinely interesting point. Dont use it: to add interest where there is none. Significantly Much like interestingly, the thing about significantly is that most truly significant things can speak for themselves. Pinpoint the reason that you know your fact is significant do you have a statistic, for example? If so, can you use that instead, and let the reader be the judge of its significance? Instead of UK tourists pay significantly less for petrol, why not UK tourists pay 8.6 per cent less for petrol? Sometimes, however, youll have expertise that your reader isnt privy to, meaning you may be able to see significance where they cant. In this case, you can use the word to signal that a particular piece of information youre conveying is significant, and then follow up on how, or why, in the next sentence. Youre basically telling your reader hold on to this bit; youll understand why in a minute. Used like this, significantly can be a useful tool for creating reader engagement. Also, its worth noting that in statistics, significant has a specific meaning, with the significance level being the amount of evidence required to indicate that a result did not happen by chance. Too often, however, significant is simply used to create persuasive, attention-grabbing sentences that gloss over an absence of evidence. For example, see this headline from the Daily Mail: Less than 6 hours sleep significantly increases risk of a stroke even if you are fit and healthy. The article gives no information about the size of the increased risk it could be one per cent higher or 100 per cent higher. The reader is left none the wiser regarding the level of significance, and the same is probably true of the writer. Use it: to highlight facts that the reader may not immediately realise are significant. Dont use it: as a substitute for real information, or to make something seem more important than it is. Obviously Before you use obviously or clearly, ask yourself three things: firstly, if its obvious to everyone, do you need to make the point at all? Take, for example, the introductory sentence to this article in The Hindu: Quite obviously, the Reserve Bank of India, while reviewing the credit policy the mid-quarter review is scheduled for later on June 18 would take note of the recent developments affecting the economy. Once you unpick the sentence, it is obvious that a bank would consider economic developments when reviewing its credit policy. But did they need to say so? After all, if its obvious, is it news? Secondly, if its not obvious to your readers, how are they going to feel? Foolish, perhaps or, worse, patronised. And, thirdly, are you using obviously to discourage questioning? (After all, who would argue with something that has been declared universally obvious?) If so, take a moment to think about why youre using such a defensive tactic. It may be that there are holes in your own argument. Use it: as little as possible. Dont use it: if its likely that the information will not be obvious to some readers. Actually Actually is a useful discourse marker in speech. We use it for emphasis, surprise, contrast or correction (we thought it would be a good move, but it was actually a mistake, no, I live in Hove, actually, he was actually trying to take all the credit himself). However, in writing, actually should be used sparingly. If youre someone who writes like a demon in first drafts, itll often end up in there because your writing tumbles out structured like speech. Its actually a great way to get a first draft on to paper, but when you go back to edit it and actually look at the contribution each word is making, thats the time to question whether theyre actually adding any value or clarity. In the sentence above, wed delete the first two actuallys, but keep the third, which subtly intensifies the action of adding value. Use it: when it adds a useful hint of contrast or surprise to the sentence. Dont use it: just because you would when speaking. Literally This is, without doubt, the adverb with the most enemies. There are whole social media accounts devoted to pointing out inappropriate uses of literally. See @literallypolice on Twitter and The Literally Tsar on Facebook, if you dont believe us. The problem with literally is that it has developed a colloquial meaning that is the opposite of its literal, or dictionary, meaning. Often, when people say literally, they mean its opposite, figuratively. The footballer Jamie Redknapp has a particular fondness for the colloquial usage of the word, according to this Guardian article (he had to cut back inside on to his left, because he literally hasnt got a right foot). Despite all this fuss, only the most pedantic person would interrupt you in the middle of a story to question whether you were literally shaking like a leaf or literally chomping at the bit. But readers are pickier than listeners, and sentences such as these seem more incongruous in black and white. So, just to be completely literal about it, here are the definitions from Collins: Literal: in exact accordance with or limited to the primary or explicit meaning of a word or text. Figurative: of the nature of, resembling, or involving a figure of speech; not literal; metaphorical. In short, if it didnt really, literally happen, dont use literally. Use it: to describe things that really happened. Dont use it: for metaphors or exaggerated expressions. Want more advice on getting the most out of your business writing? Read about our in-company High-impact business writing course. Or, if you want to train only one or two people, check out our open course sessions. Then give us a call on +44 (0)1273 732 888, email us or tweet us at @EmphasisWriting.

Latin Words and Expressions in English

Latin Words and Expressions in English Why Learn About Latin Words and Expressions in English?: Some excellent reasons you might want to know more about Latin words and expressions in English are: Youre studying for a vocabulary/admissions test.Youre a non-native English speaker puzzled by the vocabulary.Youre developing a character for a novel.You need a new word for a specific technical purpose.You are a stickler for language purity and dont want to create a hybrid word inadvertently. [See this polyamory t-shirt for more information.] The Latin Connection With English: Its confusing to hear that English doesnt come from Latin because there are so many Latin words and expressions in English, but vocabulary is not enough to make one language the daughter language of another. Romance languages, including French, Italian, and Spanish, come from Latin, an important sub-branch of the Italic branch of the Indo-European tree. The Romance languages are sometimes called daughter languages of Latin. English is a Germanic language, not a Romance or Italic language. The Germanic languages are on a different branch from the Italic. Just because our English language doesnt come from Latin doesnt mean all our words have a Germanic origin. Clearly, some words and expressions are Latin, like ad hoc. Others, e.g., habitat, circulate so freely that were not aware theyre Latin. Some came into English when Francophone Normans invaded Britain in 1066. Others, borrowed from Latin, have been modified. Latin TranslationA Biography of LatinThe Spread of LatinIndo-European Languages Latin Words in English: There are many Latin words in English. Some are more obvious than others because they are italicized. Others are used with nothing to set them apart as imported from Latin. You may not even be aware theyre Latin, like veto or etc. Latin Words in EnglishMore Latin Words in EnglishLatin Adjectives in EnglishLatin and Greek Geometry TermsLatin Religious Words in English Latin Words Incorporated in English Words: In addition to what we call borrowing (although there is no plan to return the borrowed words), Latin is used to form English words. Often English words contain a Latin word as a prefix. These Latin words are most often Latin prepositions. Many Latin words come into English with the preposition already attached to the verb. Sometimes the ending is changed to suit the needs of English; for instance, the verb may be converted to a noun. English Words With Latin PrepositionsGreek and Latin Prefixes and Suffixes For English WordsLatin Color WordsBorrowed Words Latin Sayings in English: Some of these sayings are familiar in translation; others in their original Latin (or Greek). Most of them are profound and worth remembering (in either the classical or modern language). Latin Sayings in EnglishAncient Proverbs in Pictures More - Words and Ideas: Words and Ideas, edited by William J. Dominik, contains word-building techniques for those who want to learn how to combine bits of Latin or Greek to form proper words in English or for those interested in the meaning of those word components. Latin Grammar in English: Since English doesnt come from Latin it follows that the internal structure or grammar of English is different from Latin. But English grammar as it is taught in classes on grammar is based on Latin grammar. As a result, some official rules make limited or no sense. One that is familiar, in its violation, from the Star Trek series, is the rule against a split infinitive. The Star Trek sentence contains the split infinitive to boldly go. Such a construction simply cant happen in Latin, but is obviously easy to do in English, and it works. See William Harris on how we wound up with the Latin grammar albatross.

Analysis on wifredo lam's jungle Research Paper

Analysis on wifredo lam's jungle - Research Paper Example The artist’s attention in the traditional African religious beliefs in the Caribbean are suggested in the rightmost masterpiece, which seems like a woman-horse hybrid, a feature of spiritual entities. Really, this painting is not a pragmatic representation of people in a given natural environment, but Lam has showed a prehistoric vision of his area of concern. Even the title of the painting adds some sense to the visionary characteristics of the subject. Calling it the Jungle proposes prehistoric a search for a kind of primitive culture. Nevertheless, the plants that the artist has included in his paintings are tobacco and sugarcane, which are not wild, rather domesticated plants. The Jungle, of late on exhibit at the Museum of Modern Art based in the New York City, has an indisputable existence within the gallery; the limbs, the cluster of enigmatic faces, and the sugarcane group a canvas that is about 8 foot square. The bold painting is simply a perception game. Lam haphazar dly builds the figure from a gathering of unique forms that include crescent-shaped faces, willowy legs and arms, famous, rounded backsides, cloddish feet and hands. When brought together, these figures look like a funhouse mirror in reflection. The disparity among the many shapes brings out an uneasy equilibrium between the more open top and the denser top of the composition. Further, there are no sufficient legs and feet to give support to the higher half of the painting, which seems to topple over. One additional element of this artistic work is the way he places the parts within an untraditional landscape. The artist’s panorama leaves out the distinctive essentials of a horizon line, wide view, or sky; rather this is a tight, snapshot with no direction, but only with the faintest sense of the ground. Above all, Lam was colour scheme-wise as he used as he used orange, blue, and yellow to sharply contrast with the dramatic green and black shadows of the paintings. The disco nnected shapes; body parts, leaves, and bamboos give the painting a nice tone and a sense of movement, given that one cannot see the figure in its totality, and thus have a higher curiosity of knowing more about it. With all these in place, this paper will discuss that The Jungle is Lam’s famous work showing heavy influence by the renowned artists, such as Picasso, Martisse, and Les Demoiselles d’Avigon; the shape of characters on the Jungle is very similar to the Friendship by Pablo Picasso in the tone and colour using. The structure and the shape of character have similarity to Les Demoiselles d’Avignon. Background Wilfredo Lam’s complexity identity and education Wilfredo Lam did his schooling at San Alejandro in the years between 1918 and 1923, where he was good at painting landscapes and still lives. He showed some these of Painters and Sculptors of Havana. (APSH). He left for Spain in 1923 to study his artistic education further. He first of all resi ded in Madrid, where he registered in the Archaeological museums, the Prado, and the academic painter Fernando museum. He remained in Spain up to 1938, touring many places and living for Leon, Cuenca and Barcelona at some point as he painted some landscapes, interiors, portraits, and city scenes in styles that were based on surrealism, realism, and cubism. As he completed his prolonged stay in Spain, he identified himself with the Republicans in the Spanish

Semiotic Analysis is Lanvin Paris Research Paper

Semiotic Analysis is Lanvin Paris - Research Paper Example Semiosis has the ability to make models, which means that people have the capacity to produce and comprehend the specific types of images required for codifying perceptual inputs (Sebeok and Danesi 2000). Semiosis allows for representation and understanding this representation, which is a capacity of all human beings. The exploratory stage of knowing and understanding an object constitutes a sensory modeling phase required of codifying an image (ibid). Â  Lanvin Paris was founded in 1889 by Jeanne Lanvin and is considered the oldest French couture house. It has become a reference for fashion, accessories, and perfume for the Parisian industry. Lanvin Paris is apparently named after the person who conceived it and is now recognized worldwide for its elegance in style and refinement. Artists and young talents from several domains surround the fashion firm in which an outstanding cultural heritage is a result. This artistic tradition is perpetuated by Lanvin through its advertising campaigns.Lanvin is geographically situated in the place where it was first established, a street known for its standing in the luxury market, particularly at 15 & 27 Faubourg Saint-Honore, Paris. The Lanvin brand has become a reference for luxury in terms of perfumes and fashion even in the US, Europe, Asia, and other continents.Fashion advertising, like the kind of advertising pursued by Lanvin, is an excellent example of identity-image producing media. Fashion possesses a cultural language of style which it is acknowledged for, and identity is said to be tied to the nature of the product being worn since they are shown for public display (Rhodes and Zuloago 2003). The domain of high fashion advertising is said to describe a certain identity which is unified according to general types of what they signify - young women, high-class people, high status, etc. in which this identity is set by the constant repetition and variation of images (ibid). This set of imagery is created in a unified manner by highly paid artists, designers, photographers, models who promote image identities to the general public by advertising the products according to image-based identity. Products such as high fashion, in particular, are marketed to a select few of consumers due to their high cost, although the identity promoted by these products is meant for the general public by advertising them to glossy magazines. Lanvin Paris is an example of this produc t.It is clear that an advertising image is analyzed semiotically in order to disclose the underlying meaning embodied in a text or an image itself. Since semiotics constitutes the sign systems within texts and their role in creating meaning, the sign becomes an iconic sign as it resembles or implies what it signifies.

Most Lethal Sniper in American History Essay Example for Free

Most Lethal Sniper in American History Essay Chris Kyle was a natural born killer from the first time he was handed a gun. Born in Odessa, Texas, he began hunting with his own rifles and shotguns at age eight. After he finished school, he became a professional bronco rider, but his career ended quickly after he injured his arm. After his arm healed he turned to the military for a job, but was turned down because of the pins in his arm. After a few months he received a call and was invited to the training for the Navy SEALS. He ended up becoming a sniper in SEAL Team 3 and served four tours of duty in Operation Iraqi Freedom. Over the four tours of duty, Kyle racked up 255 claimed kills and 160 confirmed kills. His longest successful shot was 2,100 yards or 1.2 miles, just outside Sadr City in 2008. Chivalric Codes were a huge part of a knight’s life, was developed to keep knights in check during a time where laws were difficult to come by. They generally consisted of honoring the church, protecting and serving the people, the lord of the land and the country, being honorable as a person, perseverance, honoring your enemy, protecting women and children, and to protect your fellow knights. Chris Kyle upheld the Code of Chivalry in many ways but in others he did not. These breaks in the code were not always his fault though, because of the radical change in war from the middle ages to now, and the decisions of whether to protect his countrymen or the values of chivalry. Kyle’s first kill was an example of a decision between elements of the code. A woman with a grenade was approaching a group of Marines. Kyle was reluctant to shoot a woman, which is generally against the Rules Of Engagement, and most soldiers’ moral standards. He hesitated before shooting her and saving his troops lives. He said afterward that he was angry at the woman for putting him in that situation. It was the only time he ever killed anyone other than a male enemy. Another way that he strayed from the Code of Chivalry, was that he claims that all of his actions were done out of necessity, not for glory. He constantly repeats that no true hero ever does anything for glory. He says throughout his book that all of his kills were necessary to protect his fellow soldiers. The last way that Chris Kyle broke the code of chivalry was that most of his kills were unfair fights. His training and weapons gave him a huge advantage over his Iraqi adversaries, who were equipped with low-tech equipment and had no training. He often shot enemies from far away in concealed hiding spots, and sometimes in the back. This was a huge infraction in medieval times, but with the advances in warfare and technology, in order to stay alive on the battlefield today you must kill your enemy as soon as possible or he could kill you in an instant. Kyle was not totally against the code of chivalry though, he was a devout Christian, as you would expect as his father was a Sunday school teacher. He justifies his killings by citing that the Commandment is against murder, and killing innocent people not against killing people trying to kill you and your countrymen. Kyle also shows exceptional patriotism and service to his country and the President, our equivalent to a knight’s king. He was awarded two silver stars and five bronze stars with valor, but denies that he ever did anything special to deserve them. He says any soldier would have done the same thing to protect the freedom of America and its people. All in all, Chris Kyle will always be remembered as a hero in the War on Terror, and a modern day testament to the values of chivalry. Although he was not able to uphold all of the values, he did the best he could in the situations he was put in. It is impossible for him to uphold a code as old as that in the changing conditions of war. Many parts are just not feasible to the modern day soldier. With what Kyle was able to accomplish and be able to uphold the standards that he did, Chris Kyle was definitely as chivalrous as he could possibly be. Works Cited Kyle, Chris. American Sniper. N.p.: HarperCollins, n.d. Print. Seidl, Jonathon M. This Navy SEAL Sniper Is the ‘Deadliest in U.S. History’ — Can You Guess His Longest Shot? The Blaze. N.p., 2 Jan. 2012. Web. 04 Oct. 2012. http://www.theblaze.com/stories/. Smith, Terry. What Are the Rules of Engagement With Military Use of Force? EHow. N.p., 16 Feb. 2012. Web. 4 Oct. 2012. http://www.ehow.com/way_5659354_rules-engagement-military-use-force_.html.

Comparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau Essay

Comparing John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau John Locke, John Stuart Mill, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau all dealt with the issue of political freedom within a society. John Locke's â€Å"The Second Treatise of Government†, Mill's â€Å"On Liberty†, and Rousseau’s â€Å"Discourse On The Origins of Inequality† are influential and compelling literary works which while outlining the conceptual framework of each thinker’s ideal state present divergent visions of the very nature of man and his freedom. The three have somewhat different views regarding how much freedom man ought to have in political society because they have different views regarding man's basic potential for inherently good or evil behavior, as well as the ends or purpose of political societies. In order to examine how each thinker views man and the freedom he should have in a political society, it is necessary to define freedom or liberty from each philosopher’s perspective. John Locke states his belief that all men exist in "a state of perfect freedom to order their actions and dispose of their possessions and person as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature, without asking leave or depending upon the will of any other man." (Ebenstein 373) Locke believes that man exists in a state of nature and thus exists in a state of uncontrollable liberty, which has only the law of nature, or reason, to restrict it. (Ebenstein 374) However, Locke does state that man does not have the license to destroy himself or any other creature in his possession unless a legitimate purpose requires it. Locke emphasizes the ability and opportunity to own and profit from property as necessary for being free. John Stuart Mill defines liberty in relation to three sph... ...Mill does not implicitly trust or distrust man and therefore does not explicitly limit freedom, in fact he does define freedom in very liberal terms, however he does leave the potential for unlimited intervention into the personal freedoms of the individual by the state. This nullifies any freedoms or rights individuals are said to have because they subject to the whims and fancy of the state. All three beliefs regarding the nature of man and the purpose of the state are bound to their respective views regarding freedom, because one position perpetuates and demands a conclusion regarding another. Bibliography: Works Cited Cress, Donald A. Jean-Jacques Rousseau â€Å"The Basic Political Writings†. Indianapolis: Hackett, 1987. Ebenstein, William. Great Political Thinkers â€Å"From Plato to Present†. New York: Rinehart & Co, 1951.

Synthesis of Diphenylacetylene

Anthony Felix 10/27/11 Che12ALR Synthesis of Diphenylacetylene Observation of Results: 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane| 0. 204g| Diphenylacetylene| 0. 087g| Theoretical yield| 0. 107g| Percent yield| 81. 3%| Melting point range of diphenylacetylene| 57- 60Â °C| Average melting point| 58. 5Â °C| Average literature melting point| 60. 0Â °C| Percent error of melting point| 2. 5%| Calculations: Theoretical yield: Limiting reagent (LR) x M. W. (LR) x Mole to Mole ratio x M. W. (product) = Theoretical yield of product. 0. 204g 1, 2-dibromo-1, 2-diphenylethane x (1mol 1, 2-dibromo-1, 2-diphenylethane/340. 5g 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane) x (1mol Diphenylacetylene/1mol 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane) x (178. 24g Diphenylacetylene/1mol Diphenylacetylene) = 0. 107g Diphenylacetylene Percent yield: Actual yield/ Theoretical yield x 100% = Percent yield (0. 087g Diphenylacetylene/0. 107g Diphenylacetylene) x 100% = 81. 31% Average melting point: (start of melting degree + completion of melti ng degree)/2 = Average melting point Average melting point (59+ 61)/2 = 60Â °C Average literature melting point Percent error: Absolute value (Abs) (actual yield – theoretical yield)/ theoretical x 100% = percent error Abs. 58. 5 – 60)/ 60 x 100 = 2. 5% Scheme of the Reaction (Exp. 12a/12b): Analysis of Results: In this experiment, the compound diphenylacetylene was made by using potassium hydroxide to take the bromine off of the 1, 2-dibromo-1. 2-diphenylethane. Pyridinium bromide perbromide was used rather than Br2 due to it being a volatile and highly corrosive substance. Calculate the theoretical yield which was 0. 107g of diphenylacetylene. Calculate the percent yield of the reaction which was 81. 31%. Calculate the average melting point, so that percent error of the melting point can be produced. The experimental melting point range of diphenylacetylene is 57 – 60Â °C, and the literature value range of diphenylacetylene is 59 – 61Â °C. The averages of each of the melting points respectively are 58. 5Â °C and 60Â °C, so the percent error is 2. 5%. Some error that could have occurred was that some of the product was left in the round bottom and could not be taken out to be dried. The error in the melting point could have occurred from either 1,2-dibromo-1,2-diphenylethane or potassium hydroxide being present in the final crystalline product when the melting point was being tested. Propose Mechanism of Reaction:

Edward Said Essay

Edwars Said was born a Palestinian Arab in Jerusalem in 1935, and was American through his father, Wadie Saà ¯d, who was a U.S. Citizen. Wadie Saà ¯d, his father moved to Cairo, before the birth of his son . He spent much of his childhood travelling back and forth from Cairo to Jerusalem, visiting relatives. Saà ¯d said that in his childhood he lived â€Å"between worlds† — like Cairo (Egypt) and in Jerusalem (Palestine). Here are some of his words from this period of life: â€Å"I was an uncomfortably anomalous student all through my early years: a Palestinian going to school in Egypt, with an English first name, an American passport, and no certain identity at all. To make matters worse, Arabic, my native language, and English, my school language, were inextricably mixed: I have never known which was my first language, and have felt fully at home in neither, although I dream in both. Every time I speak an English sentence, I find myself echoing it in Arabic, and vice versa† In 1951, Saà ¯d was expelled from Victoria College for being a troublemaker, and was sent from Egypt to the United States, where he had a miserable year of feeling out of place; yet he excelled academically, achieving the rank of either first or second in a class of one hundred sixty students. He matured into an intellectual young man, fluent in the English, French, and Arabic languages. (he earned a Bachelor of Arts degree from Princeton University (1957), then a Master of Arts degree (1960) and a Doctoral Degree in English Literature (1964) from Harvard University.) Reflections on Exile and Other Essays brings together forty-six essays. The title essay, originally published in 1984 deals with Said’s own condition of exile, and with the implications of exile for those who experience it. While Said sees separation from a homeland as a difficult fate, he believes that the state of detachment gives exiles a unique vision. Being in exile means feeling in estrangement and even if there are romantic and happy episodes in an exile’s life, these are no more than efforts meant to overcome the crippling sorrow of being in pain. Said come to nationalism and its essential association with exile. Nationalism is belonging to a place, people and certain heritage. Nationalism fends off exile and fights to prevent its ravages. The interplay between them is like servant and master, opposites informing and constituting each other. All nationalism in their early stages develop from a condition of estrangement. In time, successful nationalism consign (ad) truth exclusively to themselves and relegate (elÃ… ±ldà ¶z) all outsiders. While nationalism is about groups, exile is solitude experienced outside the group: the deprivations felt at not being with others in the communal habitation. Exiles are cut off from their roots, their land, their past. Exiles don’t have armies or states, therefore they always feel the urge to create one. Exile is a jealous state. You don’t want to share what you have archieved, you have passionate hostility to outsiders, even to those who, in fact, are in the same position as you. Although it is true that anyone prevented from returning home is an exile, some distinctions can be made between exiles, refugees, expatriates and emigres. Exile originated in the age-old practice of banishment. Once banished, the exile lives a miserable life with the stigma of being an outsider. Refugees, on the other hand, are a creation of the 20th century state. The word â€Å"refugee† has become a political one, suggesting innocent and bewildered people requiring urgent international assistance. Expatriates voluntarily live in an alien country, usually for personal or social reasons. They may share in the solitude and estrangement of exile, but they do not suffer under its rigid proscription. Emigres enjoy an ambiguous status. Technically, emigre is anyone who emigrates to a new country. Much of the exile’s life is taken up with compensating for disorienting loss by creating a new world to rule. It is not surprising that so many exiles seem to be novelists, chess players, political activists, and intellectuals. Each of these occupations requires a minimal investment in objects and places a great premium on mobility and skill. The exile’s new world is unnatural and resembles fiction. George Lukacs, in Theory of the Novel, says that novel is a literary form created out of the unreality of ambition and fantasy, it is the form of â€Å"transcendental homelessness†. No matter how well they feel, exiles are always eccentric who feel their difference as a kind of orphanhood. The exile jealously insists on his or her right to refuse to belong. Wilfulness, exaggeration and overstatement are the characteristics styles of being an exile. You compel the world to accept your vision which you make more unacceptable because you are, in fact, unwilling to have it accepted. Artists in exile are decidedly unpleasant and their stubbornness insinuates itself into even their exalted works. Dante’s vision in The Divine Commedy is tremendously powerful in its universality and detail, but even the beatific peace archieved in the Paradiso bears traces of vindictiveness.(bosszuallas) James Joyce chose to be in exile to give force to his artistic vocation. He picked up a quarrel with Ireland and kept it alive so as to sustain the strict opposition to what was familiar. The exile knows that in a secular and contingent world, homes are always provisional (à ¡tmeneti). Borders and barriers, which enclose us within the safety of familiar territory, can also become prisons and are often defended beyond reason and necessity. Exiles cross borders, break barriers of thought and experience. According to Hugo of St. Victor, a 12th century-monk,a strong and perfect man archieves independence and detachment by working through attachments, not by rejecting them. Speaking of the pleasures of exile, there are some positive things to be said too. Seeing â€Å"the entire world as a foreign land† makes possible originality of vision. Most people are aware of one culture, one setting, one home, exiles are aware of at least 2. Both environments are vivid, actual and occuring together contrapuntally. There is a unique pleasure in this sort of apprehension, especially if the exile diminish judgement and elevate appreciative sympathy. Edward Saà ¯d was an advocate for the political and human rights of the Palestinian people. As a public intellectual, he discussed contemporary politics, music, culture, and literature, in lectures, newspaper and magazine articles, and books. Drawing from his family experiences, as Palestinian Christians in the Middle East, at the time of the establishment of Israel (1948), Saà ¯d argued for the establishment of a Palestinian state, for equal political and human rights for the Palestinians in Israel. His decade-long membership in the Palestinian National Council, and his pro–Palestinian political activism, made him a controversial public intellectual. He was intellectually active until the last months of his life, and died of leukemia in 2003.

Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate

Usman dan Fodio and the Sokoto Caliphate In the 1770s, Uthman dan Fodio, still in his early 20s, began preaching in his home state of Gobir in Western African. He was one of the many Fulani Islamic scholars pushing for the revitalization of Islam in the region and the rejection of allegedly pagan practices by Muslims. Within a few decades, dan Fodio would rise to become one of the most recognized names in nineteenth-century West Africa. Hijra and Jihad As a young man, dan Fodios reputation as a scholar grew quickly. His message of reform and his criticisms of the government found fertile ground in a period of growing dissent. Gobir was one of several Hausa states in what is now northern Nigeria. There was widespread dissatisfaction in these states, especially among the Fulani pastoralists from whom dan Fodio came. dan Fodios growing popularity soon led to persecution from the Gobir government, and he withdrew, performing the hijra- a migration from  Mecca to Yathrib- as the Prophet Muhammad had also done. After his hijra, dan Fodio launched a powerful jihad in 1804, and by 1809, he had established the Sokoto caliphate that would rule over much of northern Nigeria until it was conquered by the British in 1903. Sokoto Caliphate The Sokoto Caliphate was the largest state in West Africa in the nineteenth century, but it was really fifteen smaller states or emirates united under the authority of the Sultan of Sokoto. By 1809, leadership was already in the hands of one of dan Fodios sons, Muhammad Bello, who is credited with solidifying control and establishing much of the administrative structure of this large and powerful state. Under Bellos governance, the Caliphate followed a policy of religious tolerance, enabling non-Muslims to pay a tax rather than try to enforce conversions. The policy of relative tolerance as well as attempts to ensure impartial justice helped earn the state the support of the Hausa people within the region. The support of the populace was also achieved in part through the stability the state brought and the resulting expansion of trade. Policies toward Women Uthman dan Fodio followed a relatively conservative branch of Islam, but his adherence to Islamic law ensured that within the Sokoto Caliphate women enjoyed many legal rights. dan Fodio strongly believed that women too needed to be educated in the ways of Islam. This meant he wanted women in the mosques learning. For some women, this was an advance, but certainly not for all, as he also held that women should always obey their husbands, provided that the husbands will did not run counter to the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad or Islamic laws. Uthman dan Fodio also, however, advocated against female genital cutting, which had been gaining a hold in the region at the time, ensuring that he is remembered as an advocate for women.

What You Need to Know About the Epic Poem Beowulf

What You Need to Know About the Epic Poem 'Beowulf' Beowulf is the oldest surviving epic poem in the English language and the earliest piece of vernacular European literature. Perhaps the most common question readers have is what language Beowulf was written in originally. The first manuscript was written in the language of the Saxons, Old English, also known as Anglo-Saxon. Since then, the epic poem has been estimated to have been translated into 65 languages. However, many translators have struggled to maintain the flow and alliteration present within the complex text. Origins of Beowulf Little is known about this famous epic poems origins, unfortunately. Many believe that Beowulf may have been composed as an elegy for a king who died in the seventh century, but little evidence indicates who that king may have been. The burial rites described in the epic show a great similarity to the evidence found at Sutton Hoo, but too much remains unknown to form a direct correlation between the poem and the burial site. The poem may have been composed as early as around 700 C.E.  and evolved through many retellings before it was finally written down. Regardless, whoever  the original author may have been is lost to history. Beowulf  contains many  pagan  and folkloric elements, but there are undeniable Christian themes as well. This dichotomy has led some to interpret the epic as the work of more than one author. Others have seen it as symbolic of the transition from paganism to Christianity in  early medieval Britain. The extreme delicacy of the manuscript, the perceived two separate hands that inscribed the text, and the complete lack of clues to the identity of the author make a realistic determination difficult at best. Originally untitled, in the 19th century the poem was eventually  referred to by the name of its Scandinavian hero, whose adventures are its primary focus. While some historical elements run through the poem, the hero and the story are both fictional. History of theManuscript The sole manuscript of Beowulf  dates to around the year 1000. Handwriting style reveals that it was inscribed by two different people. Whether either scribe embellished or altered the original story is unknown. The earliest known owner of the manuscript was 16th-century scholar Lawrence Nowell. In the 17th century, it became part of Robert Bruce Cottons collection and is therefore known as Cotton Vitellius A.XV.  The manuscript is now in the British Library, although in 1731 the manuscript suffered irreparable damage in a fire. The first transcription of the poem was made by Icelandic scholar Grà ­mur Jà ³nsson Thorkelin in 1818. Since the manuscript has decayed further, Thorkelins version is highly prized, yet its accuracy has been questioned. In 1845, the pages of the manuscript were mounted in paper frames to save them from further damage. This protected the pages, but it also covered some of the letters around the edges. In 1993, the British Library initiated the Electronic Beowulf Project. Through the use of special infrared and ultraviolet lighting techniques, the covered letters were revealed as electronic images of the manuscript were made. TheStory Beowulf is a fictional prince of the Geats of southern Sweden who comes to Denmark to help King Hrothgar rid his fabulous hall, Heorot, of a terrible monster known as Grendel. The hero mortally wounds the creature, who flees the hall to die in its lair. The next night, Grendels mother comes to Heorot to avenge her offspring and kills one of Hrothgars men. Beowulf tracks her down and kills her, then returns to Heorot, where he receives great honors and gifts before returning home. After ruling the Geats for half a century in peace, Beowulf must face a dragon who threatens his land. Unlike his earlier battles, this confrontation is terrible and deadly. He is deserted by all his retainers except his kinsman Wiglaf, and though he defeats the dragon he is mortally wounded. His funeral and a lament end the poem. The Impact of Beowulf Much has been written about this epic poem, and it will surely continue to inspire scholarly investigation and debate, both literary and historical. For decades students have undertaken the difficult task of learning Old English in order to read it in its original language. The poem has also inspired fresh creative works, from Tolkiens Lord of the Rings to Michael Crichtons Eaters of the Dead, and it will probably continue to do so for centuries to come. Translations of Beowulf Originally written in Old English, the first translation of the poem was into Latin by Thorkelin, in connection with his transcription of 1818. Two years later Nicolai Grundtvig made the first translation into a modern language, Danish. The first translation into modern English was made by J. M. Kemble in 1837. In total, it is estimated that the epic poem has been translated into 65 languages.   Since then there have been many modern English translations. The version done by Francis B. Gummere in 1919 is out of copyright and freely available at several websites. Many more recent translations, in both prose and verse form, are available today.

Functions of Management Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Functions of Management Paper - Essay Example The different groups of beverages include water, alcoholic beverages, non-alcoholic beverages, soft drinks, hot beverages and other forms. The main focus of the study is the processing of the drinks for consumption. For that matter, the organizations and companies that are involved in production and packaging of such beverages and drinks are included in the analysis of the management functions. For the products that are naturally consumed, packaging is the most important method that is needed to be considered. On the other hand, for the products that had been developed as beverage, the production can be considered as the most important method in the operation (Thompson and Sheldon, 2003). In the beverage industry, the application of the functions of management can be considered as a fundamental issue. The process of management can be considered a chronological process which starts in planning and concluded through the maintenance of the different methods and procedures in operation. Planning is the initial function in management which involves the determination of the different factors that can affect the profitability and the sales of the company. In the case of beverage companies, there are different factors that are needed to be considered. One is the determination of the trends in the market and the demands for the different products (Thompson and Sheldon, 2003). The present trend that can be observed is the increase in the demand for the beverages that are considered to border on the health consciousness of the public. This can be a related to the increasing consideration of the population on the maintenance of their health and body condition due to the deteriorating quality of life that can be considered to make such goals a challenge. In addition, there is an observable decrease in the consumption of alcoholic beverages basically also related to the consciousness of the people over their own welfare

ICT's in a global context Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

ICT's in a global context - Article Example The Internet has also led to an increase in globalisation. Businesses are now able to expand and provide their services and goods in other countries; international financial institutions have been created, and the advanced modes of transportation have all contributed to the spread of globalisation (Global Policy Forum 2008). ICT has been instrumental in business, education, health and politics, but this too comes at a price. The Internet has made communication easier through sharing information. "As of 2006, according to Internet World Stats, around 70% of the population in the United States is on the Internet. Throughout the world, there are almost 1.1. billion users of the Internet as of 2006 and half of them reside in Europe and Asia" (Get ISP.info 2008).This number seems rather small when considering that it only represents about 1/6 of the population. Given this, worldwide use of the Internet is expected to increase. ICT has provided a means for people around the world to communicate with each other, but what price do we pay for such a convenience' If only 1/6 of the world population is on the Internet, this suggests that either the rest of the population does not own a computer, or they are just not interested in the Internet. Either way, several people will be left behind because they do not have knowledge of the Internet or how it works. ICT has had a significant influence on the economy. The production of goods in the global market has increased dramatically, and more avenues have opened for trade amongst different countries. This, in turn, creates more jobs for people and higher revenues for businesses. These businesses also benefit from ICT because of the creation of E-business. "E-business allows for information to be acquired and goods and services purchased via the Internet with increasing trust, speed and volume" (Enterprise and Industry, 2008, p. 1). This proves to be a problem for those who do not have the necessary capital to compete in such a market. What about small business owners who do not have the advantage of providing their services to global markets' In this case, they may be forced out of business because the larger companies are far more advanced technologically (Enterprise and Industry 2008). ICT has also had a significant impact on how companies are able to market their services and goods. Websites have provided an easier way for consumers to shop and pay for their products online. (ERDF 2008). The formation of networks within businesses also provided a way to share secure information via a server. Networks allow for pertinent information to be stored in a central location so that all employees have access to it. This also allows for businesses to maintain their competitive edge given that they have the most up-to-date technology and software. Staff also needs to be trained on how to operate new equipment in order to help develop the company, and provide quality services to its customers. Along with the impact that it has had on businesses, ICT has also contributed to globalisation. Emails, airplanes, boats, phone services, and computers have all made it easier for world countries to communicate and depend on one another. There are now more international laws and social movements that were formed based on

International Business - F.D.I Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

International Business - F.D.I - Essay Example Metro Group is a forward-looking, dynamic company with strong corporate and marketing strategies and focus on global expansion. It also invests in and utilises the latest technology to create efficiency and profitability in its divisions. Through its effective marketing and operative strategies as well as high investments, the Metro Group has managed to revive some of the traditional retail sectors in Germany that were facing a grim future. The Metro Group is the leading retailer in Germany and the fourth largest retailer in the world after Wal-Mart Inc., Carrefour SA and Ahold NV. In Europe, Metro is the second leading retailer after Carrefour. In Germany, Metro is the fifth largest food retailer. Its Praktiker division is the second leading DIY retailer in the country and Media-Saturn is the leading retailer in consumer durables in Germany. Metro is also the second largest department store retailer in the country. Metros Cash & Carry division and Media-Saturn are the most successful business concepts, and Metro has concentrated on their expansion both in Germany as well as in overseas markets. Real hypermarkets and Praktiker DIY outlets are also utilised in Metros expansion to a lesser degree and found mainly in East European markets. To make the Group profitable Metro started a restructuring process in 1998, which is still continuing. In 1998, Metro AG remodelled the group structure as part of its shareholder value policy. Strategies were developed to focus on a core product and service portfolio, to optimise outlet potential and to globalise the group. To achieve this target, the group was remodelled, by divesting its marginal operations and strengthening core businesses through strategic takeovers. Metro has merged procurement activities for all its divisions to create synergies through bulk buying. It is also participating in e-procurement through Internet auctions, which allows it to buy non-branded

The Practice of Leadership and Management as a Nurse

The Practice of Leadership and Management as a Nurse Management is an economic resource to meet objective. It is a social process entailing responsibility for the effective and economical planning and regulations of the operations of an enterprise in fulfillment of the given purpose. Leadership on the other hand is the process of influencing individuals or groups towards achievement of a goal in a given situation. The purpose of this paper is mainly to synthesize differing leadership and management concepts and to apply principles of leadership and management, team building concepts, and organizational theory to nursing clinical practice. This is to ensure quality improvement, ensuring that the financial data is up to date, to ensure minimal risks occur at the health centers and avoid recurrent clinical problems. It is therefore important as a nurse to apply leadership and management concepts to ensure that there is motivation for the good operation under the hospitals. Nursing management is the performance of the leadership functions whilst ensuring the leadership powers are kept in place. This leadership powers include: coercive, reward, legitimate, expert, reference, information and should make sure they are all wrapped and exercised. Nursing management includes all the main functions of management namely: Planning; this includes the forecasting and the selection of objectives with the policies, programs and procedures for achieving them. Nurses should therefore be in a position to plan with clear focus Organizing; this is concerned with decision of work and the allocation of duties, authority and responsibility. This will enable nurses to avoid reoccurring of previous errors. Directing/leading; it involves the guiding and supervising subordinates. The nurses must make sure the subordinates are oriented into the understanding why, guided towards improved performance and motivated to work effectively towards the hospitals goals Controlling; it is the process involved in setting up of standards, the regular comparison of physical events with standards and then taking up the corrective actions. The nursing management is therefore applying this functions and leadership roles especially at the nursing unit. They also have other primary responsibilities of staffing, motivating, communicating, commanding and budgeting among others. Importance of Management and Leadership to Nurse Managers Firstly, it ensure quality improvement by incorporating unity of direction, unity of command, stability of staff which will lead to a sense of belonging and ensures patients are well taken care of. Also it helps by ensuring that the financial data is up to date by employing the principle of authority and responsibility which calls for accountability and prevents misuse of authority. In addition it minimizes risks at the health centers by making sure there are order and a scalar chain of command and conclusively, avoids recurrent clinical problems. Difference between Leaders and Managers leaders generally innovate and develop while managers administer and maintain Leaders focus on people inspiring trust and openness while managers focus on systems and structures and make staffs rely on control Leaders do the right things and keep an eye on the horizon while managers do things right and keep an eye on the bottom line Leaders originate things whereas managers imitate things Leaders change the status quo while managers accept the status quo Management Style and Leadership style The contingency approach or situational approach suggests that there is no one best way to manage and organize but rather, successful managerial decisions options depends upon the situations and circumstances in which such decisions are made. Autocratic leadership style is considered as a classical approach to leadership or dictatorship. It is one in which the managers retain as much decision making authority as possible. Bureaucratic leadership is where the managers manage by the book that is; everything must be done according to procedure or policy. Laissez fair is the one in which the leader provides little or no direction and gives employees as much freedom as possible. All authorities are given to employees and they must determine their goals, make decision and resolve problems on their own. Democratic leadership style encourages employees to perform part of their decisions. Democratic manager keeps his or her employees informed about everything that affect their work and shares decision making and problem solving responsibility. I would therefore apply the democratic leadership style since it will ensure that I consider the subordinates that units for the benefit of the health care and the society at large. II. Application of leadership and management of nursing practice Case Scenario A health care that envisages providing the best and competitive health care facilities must have staff example the charge nurse, sister nurse who are excellent in their chosen disciplines, have strong leadership capabilities, and are comfortable working in the environment. Top managers of the unit should therefore posses distinct characteristics of great leaders, thus being a boon to the health unit and society especially as patients. Also strategic management is believed to spread the realization of organizational objectives. The intensity of global competitiveness in best service requires managers to adopt strategic management and be well versed with the characteristics associated with strategic decisions. Problem Being the nurse in charge of advanced health care institute, there has been problems as a result of poor management and leadership skills. Firstly the employees turnover is high that is the numbers of employees under various department employed per year is almost 100%.Secondly the health care members usually receive orders from various supervisors bringing forth a lot of confusion, the division of labor is poorly done such that some patients may be attended by more than one nurse and the others may fail to be attended. The problems that were previously done are reoccurred therefore making the number of patients to get services to other health care unit .In addition there are a lot of complains from other staff that their remuneration is not fair enough and that the level of job satisfaction is quite low. Plan action Behavioral approach to management; this is based on the perception that those involved in the organization are the predetermining of organizational and managerial effectiveness. It is concerned with understanding of the individual workers with emphasis on motivation, needs, interpersonal relationships and group dynamics. For instance, Douglas Mc Greggor-Theory X and Theory Y .Douglas MC Greggor believed that employees are lazy beings hence managers should use carrot and stick in motivating employees in theory X assumption. In theory Y assumptions Douglar MC Greggor believed that work is like a play and if a play is not interesting the employees will not be interested in the play. With this kind of a system and applying Henri Fayols principles of management that are relevant to principles management, I will ensure that there is fair remuneration, that also there is stability of staff, the principle of unity of command will also be useful by ensuring that members receive orders from on ly one supervisor. The most appropriate leadership style to succumb the problem is democratic leadership style which requires a leader to be a couch that has the final say but gathers information from the staffs before making a decision Steps in resolving this problem Problem recognition Problem definition Planning and design Solve the problem Implement the problem Strategies of leading and managing people Motivation is the process that accounts for an individual intensity, directions and persistence of efforts towards attaining a goal. It is the reasons why employees would want to work hard and work effectively for the organization. To motivate those involved towards a solution requires the elements of motivation which are; ability, level of skills, knowledge about how to complete the task, attitude, fillings and beliefs. By applying the motivation that is content theory and process theory, managers will be able to increase their motivation capacity. To gain effective support, the managers should ensure that they guide and supervise the subordinates accordingly and by way of example. The transfer of information between different people in a business should have a unit of direction to avoid conflict and confusion in authority. Change Theory Change is making things different or doing things in different ways. In most organization, change activities are activated. The modern approach to changes requires organization to be proactive to changes. In nursing management, for instance there are stimulants to changes. The emergence of newly created or reregulations of existing laws, increased in the number of accidents and errors, high level of labour turnover, changes in the legal system governing labour and other general areas. The change process includes; Initial problem identification where the initial problem is identified Obtaining data relating to the problem through different methods of data collection Problem diagnosis to understand the roots of the problem Action planning; this involves strategically having plans for solving the problem Implementation which involves application of the problem solving techniques to the problem Assessment of the consequences and learning from the process and giving feedback to other interconnected individuals and steps Organizational Environment Management environment refers to forces influencing organizational activity and management policies from within and outside the organization. The internal environment refers to the internal resources, activities and events of the organizational members. The stakeholders depending if it is a profitable or non profitable organization have a direct and specific impact upon organizational operation, the general environment especially the patients affect the organization. My strategy to solve the problem will have a social, cultural, economic, political impact on the agency. III. Evaluation Today the notion of total quality management means that the total organization is committed to quality. Total quality management means a total effort towards meeting customer needs and ensures selection by planning for quality. This can be easily evaluated by the outcomes of the staff members in accordance to the expected results. My plan would have work if the results are as per my plans and all the other problems are resolved. This is by ensuring there are no recurrent clinical problems and the clinic operates efficiently. Barriers Staff resistance to change is as a result of selective perception, fear of unknown, organizational culture and custom, anticipated inconveniences and probably economic factors. In addition the cost of analyses and making these changes is high and the organization may consider the cost outweighing the benefits. Also, the time required to solve the problems, making changes and coming up with a new plan may be too much and the organization may decide to ignore the problems. Furthermore there may be circumstances where the project will fail land this may lead to abandoning the project that was to incorporate change. In addition there can be changing priority and another plan has to be developed. IV. Summary In summary a leader should employ aspects of a good and effective leader. By applying the different leadership style that is autocratic, bureaucratic, and democratic and laissez fair, a leader should ensure that he is competent enough. Management is a social process entailing responsibility for the effective and economical planning and regulations of the operations of the enterprise, in fulfillment of the given purpose. Also the manager should ensure that he applies the principle of management especially scientific management and art management. There is still a sense of art in all management and in intuition is a very useful guide. Nobody will say that book learning will make successful manager. The importance fear of human relations with its psychological contacts is often a matter of personality more than procedure .Nursing management will thus involve incorporating all the principles and functions of management in order to ensure effective work is done and incorporating leadershi p style to motivate and cooperate with other staffs. Conclusion

Culture Clash: The Puritans and the Native Americans :: American America History

In 1608, a group of Christian separatists from the Church of England fled to the Netherlands and then to the "New World" in search of the freedom to practice their fundamentalist form of Christianity (dubbed Puritanism). The group of people known as the Native Americans (or American Indians) are the aboriginal inhabitants of the Northern and Southern American continents who are believed to have migrated across the Bering land bridge from Asia around 30,000 years ago. When these two societies collided, years of enforced ideology, oppression and guerrilla warfare were begun. The great barriers of religion, ethics and world-views are the three largest factors which lead to the culture clash between the Puritans and the Native Americans. Religion played a very important role in both Puritan and Native American society, though their ideologies differed greatly. According to Puritan beliefs, God had chosen a select number of people to join him in heaven as his elect. The Native Americans, on the other hand, believed that everyone was the same; no one was better than anyone else. As Sitting Bull once said, "Each man is good in [the Great Spirit's] sight. (Quotes from our Native Past). This theory was in direct conflict with the Puritan's view. The means through which the beliefs of these two groups were carried on also differed greatly. The Puritans had their Bible which detailed their entire religion and held the answers to all possible questions. The Native Americans on the other hand relied on oral transmission of their theology. Thus, while the Puritans had a constant place to turn to when they wanted to figure out what they believed, Native Americans were forced to fill in the blanks between stories they had heard when it came to their basic ideals. This aspect made them both unable to relate to one another. The most prominent difference between the two religions were their gods. The Puritans believed in one God and one God only. The Native Americans, though also worshipping their own almighty "Great Spirit," took further reverence for all living (and once living) things, worshipping the trees and their ancestors as well as their omnipotent Tirawa (or Wakan Tanka). The Puritans, holding all aspects of the Bible literal and as divine mandate, saw this worship of beings other than their God as idolatry (which was in clear violation of the first commandment). Therefore, the Puritans held the Native American society as a society wallowing in sin. Culture Clash: The Puritans and the Native Americans :: American America History In 1608, a group of Christian separatists from the Church of England fled to the Netherlands and then to the "New World" in search of the freedom to practice their fundamentalist form of Christianity (dubbed Puritanism). The group of people known as the Native Americans (or American Indians) are the aboriginal inhabitants of the Northern and Southern American continents who are believed to have migrated across the Bering land bridge from Asia around 30,000 years ago. When these two societies collided, years of enforced ideology, oppression and guerrilla warfare were begun. The great barriers of religion, ethics and world-views are the three largest factors which lead to the culture clash between the Puritans and the Native Americans. Religion played a very important role in both Puritan and Native American society, though their ideologies differed greatly. According to Puritan beliefs, God had chosen a select number of people to join him in heaven as his elect. The Native Americans, on the other hand, believed that everyone was the same; no one was better than anyone else. As Sitting Bull once said, "Each man is good in [the Great Spirit's] sight. (Quotes from our Native Past). This theory was in direct conflict with the Puritan's view. The means through which the beliefs of these two groups were carried on also differed greatly. The Puritans had their Bible which detailed their entire religion and held the answers to all possible questions. The Native Americans on the other hand relied on oral transmission of their theology. Thus, while the Puritans had a constant place to turn to when they wanted to figure out what they believed, Native Americans were forced to fill in the blanks between stories they had heard when it came to their basic ideals. This aspect made them both unable to relate to one another. The most prominent difference between the two religions were their gods. The Puritans believed in one God and one God only. The Native Americans, though also worshipping their own almighty "Great Spirit," took further reverence for all living (and once living) things, worshipping the trees and their ancestors as well as their omnipotent Tirawa (or Wakan Tanka). The Puritans, holding all aspects of the Bible literal and as divine mandate, saw this worship of beings other than their God as idolatry (which was in clear violation of the first commandment). Therefore, the Puritans held the Native American society as a society wallowing in sin.

Understand Sequence & Rate of Each Aspect of Development from 0-19 Years

1. 1 Explain the sequence & rate of each aspect of development that would normally be expected in children & young people from birth -19 years Development is what happens to every individual at every stage of his or her lives. Developing something means to learn different skills, physical aspects and involves gaining control of the body. For example, a baby will develop physically because it is still going to grow, which means the body will still be changing. Another example is if an older person is learning a new skill, like how to use a computer. That person’s computer skills are developing as he/she is learning a new skill and is gaining control over it physically and mentally. When you are developing, you are learning and growing into a better person than what you are now. You begin to understand more than what you already know. This means your body is changing and has to retain a lot more information every time you develop. Therefore, a developmental milestone is what the average child does at each stage of their development. It is a basic functional skill or age specific task that most children develop at a certain age range. When the baby is new born, for the first few years of the baby’s life, he or she visits a paediatrician for regular check-ups. The paediatrician checks how the baby is developing using milestones. Although there is a specific age for when the child is expected to meet each milestone, this is not always the case. Every child is unique and therefore each child develops and reaches its milestones at different ages. The level of age that a child should reach each milestone is just an average estimate. There could be a number of different reasons as to why a child is not reaching the milestones are the expected ages, some of these reasons could include: * Genetic factors – a child inheriting the parents genes, * Parent involvement – the amount of time the parents have for their children, to encourage their children’s development, * Health implications, * Environmental factors – the quality of the child’s home and area. Growth is different to development. Growth is being able to grow into a bigger person. The growth process not only involves a child’s height and weight, it also involves the growth of their teeth, when a child gains teeth, they then fall out and gain new teeth. For a teenager it involves starting puberty and for any person it involves the growth of hair and nails. All these different growth processes occur as the body matures. Although growth and development have different meanings, they are closely linked. They usually follow the same pattern, although sometimes this is not the case. For example, if there is something wrong with the child or they have a disability, this could be because they are still growing but not developing. There are different factors that could influence a child’s growth and some of these include: * Genetic factors – inheriting the parents genes * Environmental factors – e. g. living in cramped spaces could lead to poor growth. * Financial factors – e. g. the child’s parents may not be able to afford new shoes for their child, therefore if the child continues to wear the same small shoes, their feet will not grow properly. * Emotional factors – e. . if the child is emotionally stressed and upset, they may not eat very well or lack sleep, preventing them to grow. * Intellectual factors – e. g. the child not having the knowledge to know what is a healthy diet. Therefore, if the child eats a lot of junk food instead of fresh foods it could prevent a healthy growth. * Physical factors – e. g. having a problem or condition, which affects a child’s growth. Growth and development is very important, especially throughout a child’s childhood. This is because at these early stages of their lives, they develop and learn the most. It is important for a child to have the right foundation of growth and development in the early stages of their lives for them to increase their growth and development throughout the rest of their lives. Good development enables a child to increase their skills and knowledge, which will help them throughout their lives. For example, when they are looking for a job they will be equipped with a good development of knowledge and intellectual skills, which will result to a better job. Another example is if when a child attends school, they will be able to learn and develop quickly which will result to better grades. Good growth on the other hand, enables a child to have a healthy weight, height and an overall healthy body. Good growth also helps a child’s development. Physical growth and size Physical growth occurs from 0 to 18 years. This is from the time the baby is born to the time the baby matures. The child will grow according to the individual child and the different parts of its body; this also depends on the rate that the child will grow at throughout the years. The child may experience a ‘growth spurt’, which is when the body tends to grow at a much faster pace than the child’s usual growth rate. Parts of the body also grow quicker than other parts at different times. For example, usually a baby’s head is larger than the rest of the body when born. As the baby grows, the head becomes smaller in proportion to the rest of the body parts. Health professionals monitor babies’ growth using a chart called the ‘Centile Chart’. Midwives and health visitors usually measure and weigh babies and children and then plot the measurements on the centile chart. A centile chart is used to measure babies and children’s’ height and weight and compare it to the average height and weight. This is to check if they are growing at a normal rate. If they are not, then it could be because of health implications, which is then assessed by the GP. A centile chart is quite similar to the developmental milestones, as they both measure babies and children according to the average measurements. The height and weight of a child is usually recorded on two separate centile charts. There is also a separate centile chart for both boys and girls. This is because boys are usually taller and weigh more than girls, so the average height and weight will be different for both genders. The chart has three lines marked on it and they are known as the 98th centile, the 50th centile and the 2nd centile. For the 98th centile it would be labelled as ‘98’ and this will show the children who are taller or heavier than the average child. The 50th centile would be labelled as ‘50’ and this shows the average height and weight of the child. Therefore, the 2nd centile would be labelled as ‘2’ and this shows the children who are shorter or lighter than the average child. Only 3% of children are expected to be above or below the 98th or 2nd centile. Physical Development Physical development is when the child starts gaining control of their movements and learning skills, these are developed with age. Physical development is when the muscle strength increases in a child. They learn to sit up by themselves, and then they learn how to crawl and eventually how to walk. This is all to do with the physical development of a child’s muscles. However, physical development also includes the maturity of the central nervous system. This means that children are more tolerant to pain as they grow older, due to the toleration levels of their central nervous system. For example, if a child is dropped at 3 months old, the amount of pain inflicted on the child would be substantially high, where as if a child at 3 years was dropped the amount of pain inflicted would be noticeably lower due to the developmental progression of the nervous system. Physical development can be divided into three main categories, these are: * Fine motor skills * Gross motor skills * Sensory skills Gross Motor Skills Gross motor skills are the reflexes in a child’s body. This consists of using the larger muscles in the legs, arms, torso and feet to control their body and larger movements. When a baby is born their physical movements consist of unintentional movements known as reflexes. These reflexes help babies to survive, as they have no control over their bodies or their movements at first. Once the baby gains control over it’s body and movements, these reflexes go. This type of reflex is known as ‘primitive reflexes’. For example, anything placed in a baby’s mouth will automatically be assumed as a breast or teat. Therefore, the baby will automatically start sucking as they think they are getting fed. This is a primitive reflex, which disappears once the baby is 6 months old. Fine Motor Skills Fine motor skills is another reflex movement but involves grasping. To enable smaller movements and manipulation, this reflex involves using smaller muscles of the fingers, thumbs, toes, wrists, lips and tongue. For example, a baby will first start to curl their hands when born, therefore, if an object was placed in their hands, they would try to hold onto the object by curling their hands. This reflex disappears after 3 months. A ‘pincer’ grip is when a baby can hold an object between their thumb and index finger. Pincer grasp is usually developed at the age of 1. A child usually performs gross motors skills before they perform fine motor skills. This is because a baby finds it easier to develop their larger muscles before they develop their smaller muscles and movements. For example, a baby will learn to wave their legs and arms around first, before wiggling their fingers and toes. This is because gross motor skills involve controlling the body; the baby needs to know how to control the body before it can perform smaller movements and manipulations. Gross and fine motor skills are very similar however, as many activities depend on the co-ordination of both motor skills. For example, being able to pick up a ball that is placed on the floor – the child needs to be able to pick up the ball with its fingers (pincer gripping – fine motor skills) and move the ball off the floor with its arms (gross motor skills). Although they work together most of the time, there is a difference to what each skill performs. Gross motor skills are the larger muscle movements and fine motor skills are the smaller muscle movements. They are both reflexes but involve different parts of the body. For a baby to develop properly, he r she needs to develop both skills well, as one skill performed without the other would make it extremely hard for the baby to physically develop to its full potential. Sensory Development Sensory development consists of using our senses, which are sight, hearing, taste, touch and smell. Senses are the physical processes of our nervous system. For example, breastfed babies can sense the smell of their mothers’ breast compared to other women’s breast. This shows that the baby can use its smell sense to distinguish different smells. Therefore, the baby is developing its sense of smell. This will develop as they grow older, for example, when the baby is 5 years old, their sense of smell would have fully developed to an adults level. Intellectual Development Intellectual development is the development of the mind. A child’s mind is very active from birth. As children develop their mind to think, learn reason and explain, their intellectual development progresses. For example, at 3 months old a baby likes to explore different textures, like on a play gym or an activity mat. By the time the child is 2 years old, they have developed different textures in their mind and are now able to match different textures. Children learn intellectually through different ways, some of them being: * Using their senses * Exploring * Imitating/role play * Curiosity * Experiments * Observing * Making mistakes * Playing There are some factors such as family history that can affect intellectual development. This is because a baby’s development can be affected by inheriting genes from its parents. The inheritance could be from a family’s history of late developers. Another factor that can affect a child’s intellectual development could be encouragement from the parents to help learn and develop their child’s mind. It could also be the environment that the child lives in; if the child’s environment is cramped, this could mean that there is not a lot of space for the child to play and do certain activities that would develop his or hers skills. This could also lead to financial factors, the parents of the child not having enough money to facilitate learning aids to help their child’s development. Cognitive development Cognitive simply means thinking. Cognitive development is similar to intellectual development as it is the development of the mind, however it is the development of the mind through thinking and learning skills. This enables a child to understand the environment around them. The keys to successful cognitive development are: * Concepts – Children need to learn different concepts. The child has to see and experience things to develop a range of concepts. An adult providing activities, equipment and support can also develop these concepts. Problem solving skills – A child learns how to solve problems through trial and error, identifying there is a problem that needs solving, working out a solution and predicting what might happen. This is also linked to the child’s ability to reason. They begin to understand that their actions will produce results such as; pushing a button on a toy will produce a result by making a noise. * Creativity – this gives a child the ability to use their imagination to express their ideas. This can be done through painting pictures, making collages, dancing and making music, etc. Imagination – this is when a child sees things that do not exist or are not in front of them. Children imagine images in their head to play pretend games, make up stories or talk to an imaginary friend. This gives them comfort in knowing there is someone there with them. * Memory – a child storing and retrieving information, ideas and things that have happened to them, learn this mentally. They remember things that have happened to them in their brain for a short time or depending on the situation, this could be a long-term memory. Sometimes a little release of information can trigger off what they stored as memory in their head. * Object permanence – this describes the awareness of an object to a child. For example, if an object were no longer visible to a baby, they would think that the object no longer exists. Object permanence tries to develop the child’s mind to think that the object still exists although it is not visible to the eye. * Concentration – this is the ability of a child to spend time and pay attention to a task. The child develops the ability to stay focused on a task for longer as they develop, whereas at first, they would get distracted and lose concentration a lot quicker. A theorist called Piaget believes that the stages of cognitive development have an effect on how a child’s thinking is developed throughout their childhood. However, this theory was understood in the late 1980s and since then, children’s stages of cognitive development have increasingly changed due to the child’s age. Language development Language is how a person speaks and communicates with others, also known as verbal communication. Language development is how children express their needs and share information with others using language. A child’s language is developed depending on how much the child practices speaking. From birth a baby cannot speak, however they use other forms of language to share information. For example, they learn how to cry when they are hungry, this is using language and the baby has developed this skill by knowing that when he or she cries, they will be fed. Speaking through the mouth does not only develop language, it also involves other physical movements. E. g. face expressions, sign language, writing, etc. It can also involve non-verbal communication such as listening to voices, practising sounds and learning what different sounds mean. Language development can be divided into two stages: * Pre-linguistic * Linguistic The pre-linguistic stage occurs between birth and 12 months. At this stage, babies learn to understand what is being said to them and learn the rules of how to communicate. Although they cannot talk at this stage, they learn to communicate to gain attention by crying, smiling and using facial expressions; they may also point to what they want or nod their heads. The linguistic stage is when babies’ speech starts to develop. Now words can be used to label objects or to share information. The child first starts off with one-word speeches and then later on their language develops into complex sentences. Emotional Development Emotional development is how children understand what people are feeling and what they are feeling about themselves through the things they do. Children feel a lot of emotions including fear, excitement, affection, pride, jealousy, sadness and contentment. A child develops emotionally starting from birth. For example, when a baby is feeling lonely they will cry for attention and love. This is how babies express their emotions, through crying, laughing and facial expressions. When children grow older, they learn to control their emotions. This is another emotional development as they have learnt how to control their feelings, and their brain functions. This is learnt through the later stages of childhood. An example of this would be a child falling over and not wanting to concern others of his or her accident, therefore controlling his or her emotions. This in affect will not only control the child’s emotions, but the child has also developed that it will affect other people’s emotions and is trying to control that too. Emotional development can affect intellectual and social development. They learn how different emotions can affect others around them. The children learn to understand that being happy is healthier than being sad, as there is a less risk of the child becoming stressed or depressed. Emotional development can also affect social development by the child understanding that their emotions affect the relationship they have with others. For example, if they love their parents, the parents will care and love the child back. On the other hand, if a child was being rude and arrogant, other children would not want to socialize with him or her, leaving the child feeling emotionally lonely and upset. Children also learn different emotions through social experience. Social Development Socialising is the process of interacting with others. They begin to socialise at first with their primary carer, e. g. parents, carers, etc. The social skills developed from a child are through the child socialising with its primary carers. A baby’s social development follows a pattern, which is: * Interaction with their main carer – this include making eye contact, smiling, showing facial expressions and babbling. * Knowing that they are part of a family – they recognise who their family are through familiar faces that they see all the time. They understand who strangers are by not recognising the faces. * Mixing with other people in a group and co-operating – they start to follow instructions, copying and imitating actions, playing with other children and sharing toys or objects with others. Children are not born with social skills; they have to learn how to develop this through life experiences. Usually it is the primary carers that encourage socialisation between their child and others. They help them develop the skills of interacting with others. This is also helped by the physical, social, language and intellectual development, as they all play a big part on how children should socialise with others. These social skills are developed through time; depending on the age of the child, their actions will be different.